Abstract: Selective electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) on gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) in 0.5 M KHCO3 at 25° C. Among monodisperse 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-nm NPs tested, the 8 nm Au NPs show the maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE), up to 90% at ?0.67 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that edge sites dominate over corner sites on the Au NP surface facilitating stabilization of the reduction intermediates, such as COOH1*, and the formation of CO. This mechanism is further supported by the fact that Au NPs embedded in a matrix of butyl-3methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate for more efficient COOH* stabilization exhibit even higher reaction activity (3 A/g mass activity) and selectivity (97% FE) at ?0.52 V (vs. RHE). Use of monodisperse Au NPs to optimize the available reaction intermediate binding sites thus allows efficient and selective electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO.

Abstract: In an application virtualization method, a first scanning step for scanning a target operation system and recording document information and registry information of the target operation system; a tracking step for installing an application to the target operation system and tracking operations to the document information and the registry information of the target operation system during installing the application; a second scanning step for scanning the target operation system and obtaining changes of the document information and the registry information of the operation system; and a launcher generating step for generating a launcher for starting up the application according to the changes of the document information and the registry information of the operation system are included. The present disclosure also provides an application virtualization system. Virtualization level is increased by the method and the system.