Abstract: A method for converting carbon into a carbon oxide, comprises: contacting carbon with steam in presence of a carnegieite-like material of formula (Na2O)xNa2[Al2Si2O8], wherein 0<x?1. Method and apparatus for hydrocarbon cracking are also described herein.

Abstract: A method for treating a powder, includes: dry mixing the powder with an effective amount of a treating additive to distribute a layer of the treating additive on a surface of a particle of the powder, a primary particle size of the treating additive being smaller than an average particle size of the powder. An associated treated powder is also described.

Abstract: A method includes spraying a liquid including polymer and a gas substantially inert to the liquid respectively from a first and second orifice of a nozzle into air to form mist of beads. The beads then are collected with a collecting medium at a temperature in a range from about ?10° C. to about 80° C. The collecting medium includes at least one of water and alcohols.

Abstract: A reactor has an inner surface accessible to the hydrocarbon and comprising a sintered product of at least one of cerium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, boehmite and silicon dioxide, and a perovskite material of formula: AaBbCcDd03??. 0<a<1.2, G?b?1.2, 0.9<a+b?1.2, O<c<1.2, 0?d?1.2, 0.9<c+d?1.2, ?0.5<?<0.5. A is selected from calcium, strontium, barium, and any combination thereof. B is selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and any combination thereof. C is selected from cerium, zirconium, antimony, praseodymium, titanium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, tin, terbium and any combination thereof.

Abstract: A reactor has an inner surface accessible to the hydrocarbon and comprising a sintered product of at least one of cerium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, boehmite and silicon dioxide, and a perovskite material of formula AaBbCcDdO3-?. 0<a<1.2, 0?b?1.2, 0.9<a+b?1.2, 0<c<1.2, 0?d?1.2, 0.9<c+d?1.2, ?0.5<?<0.5. A is selected from calcium, strontium, barium, and any combination thereof. B is selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and any combination thereof. C is selected from cerium, zirconium, antimony, praseodymium, titanium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, tin, terbium and any combination thereof.

Abstract: A treatment system is provided and comprises a precipitation unit and a recovery unit. The precipitation unit is configured to treat a solution using one or more miscible organic solvents to produce a mixture of precipitate solids and a liquid. The recovery unit is in fluid communication with the precipitation unit and configured to facilitate separating the liquid at least into an organic phase liquid and an aqueous phase liquid comprising a portion of the one or more miscible organic solvents. The treatment system further comprises a purification unit comprising one or more membrane devices in fluid communication with the recovery unit and configured to separate at least a portion of the one or more miscible organic solvents in the aqueous phase liquid from the aqueous phase liquid. A treatment system and a treatment process are also presented.

Abstract: A method for converting carbon into a carbon oxide, comprises: contacting carbon with steam in presence of a carnegieite-like material of formula (Na2O)xNa2[Al2Si2O8], wherein 0<x?1. Method and apparatus for hydrocarbon cracking are also described herein.

Abstract: A method for cracking hydrocarbon includes providing a feedstock comprising steam and hydrocarbon, and feeding the feedstock into a device having an inner surface accessible to the feedstock. The inner surface includes a compound of formula An+1BnO3n+1, wherein A includes at least one alkaline earth metal, B includes at least one transition metal, O is oxygen, and 1?n?20.

Abstract: A method for converting carbon into a carbon oxide, comprises: contacting carbon with steam in presence of a carnegieite-like material of formula (Na2O)xNa2[Al2Si2O8], wherein 0<x?1. Method and apparatus for hydrocarbon cracking are also described herein.

Abstract: A method includes masking at least one hole of an article with a paste, wherein the hole opens onto a surface of the article, applying a coating to the surface of the article, and removing the paste including contacting the paste with a water containing liquid/environment to dissolve or re-disperse the paste, leaving at least one open hole in the surface of the coated article. The paste includes about 20-80 wt % of a filler material, about 0.5-20 wt % of a hydrogen phosphate compound, about 0.5-15 wt % of a polyhydroxy compound and about 5-25 wt % of water. The filler material has an average particle size in a range of about 0.1-100 microns, and includes a first material which includes alkali metal doped alumina, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide or a combination thereof and a second material which includes a silicate. A weight ratio between the first and second materials is in a range of about 1-10.

Abstract: A method for cracking hydrocarbon, comprises: providing steam and hydrocarbon; and feeding steam and hydrocarbon into a reactor accessible to hydrocarbon and comprising a perovskite material of formula AaBbCcDdO3-?, wherein 0<a<1.2, 0?b?1.2, 0.9<a+b?1.2, 0<c<1.2, 0?d?1.2, 0.9<c+d?1.2, ?0.5<?<0.

Abstract: A composition useful in methods and apparatuses for inhibiting the build-up of byproduct carbonaceous material includes a perovskite material or a precursor therefor; and a yttrium doped ceria or a precursor therefor.

Abstract: A method for cracking hydrocarbon includes: providing hydrocarbon; and feeding the hydrocarbon into an apparatus having an inner surface accessible to hydrocarbon, the inner surface comprising a perovskite material and a tuning material; wherein a yield of coke in the apparatus is lower than that in an apparatus without the perovskite material; and a yield of carbon monoxide in the apparatus is lower than that in an apparatus without the tuning material. An associated apparatus is also described.

Abstract: A method for cracking hydrocarbon, comprises: providing steam and hydrocarbon; and feeding steam and hydrocarbon into a reactor accessible to hydrocarbon and comprising a perovskite material of formula AaBbCcDdO3-?, wherein 0<a<1.2, 0?b?1.2, 0.9<a+b?1.2, 0<c<1.2, 0?d?1.2, 0.9<c+d?1.2, ?0.5<?<0.

Abstract: An apparatus has a surface exposable to a byproduct carbonaceous material formation environment and comprising a perovskite material having an ABO3 perovskite structure and being of formula AaBbO3-?, wherein 0.9<a?1.2; 0.9<b<1.2; -0.5<6<0.

Abstract: A surface treatment method includes: contacting a substrate with a treatment material, the substrate comprising a metallic element, the treatment material comprising an alkaline earth metal element, an alkali metal element, or any combination thereof; and forming on the substrate a surface layer comprising a first oxide of the alkaline earth metal element, the alkali metal element, or any combination thereof and a second oxide of the metallic element. A device has: a substrate layer comprising a metallic element; and a surface layer comprising a first oxide of an alkaline earth metal element, an alkali metal element, or any combination thereof, and a second oxide of the metallic element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polymer derived from: reaction of glycidyl (meth)acrylate, allyl glycidyl ether or [(vinyloxy)methyl]oxirane with ammonia or primary amine to obtain a mixture of monomer compounds; reaction of the mixture of monomer compounds with at least one of acrylic acid, vinyl alcohol, vinyl acetate, acrylamide, methylacrylic acid, and methylacrylamide to obtain an intermediate polymer; and reaction of the intermediate polymer with a dithiocarbamic acid salt. Methods for using the polymer are also described herein.

Abstract: A method for treating a powder, includes: dry mixing the powder with an effective amount of a treating additive to distribute a layer of the treating additive on a surface of a particle of the powder, a primary particle size of the treating additive being smaller than an average particle size of the powder. An associated treated powder is also described.

Abstract: A method for making lignin-amines is provided. The method comprises providing a lignin; then modifying the lignin with modifier to create a modified lignin; and then reacting the modified lignin with an amine to form a lignin-amine. Suitable modifiers comprise acrylates. A method for coagulating suspended materials in a water stream is also disclosed. The method comprises providing a water stream and contacting the suspended materials in the water stream with at least one lignin-amine.

Abstract: A method for converting carbon into a carbon oxide, comprises: contacting carbon with steam in presence of a carnegieite-like material of formula (Na2O)xNa2[Al2Si2)8], wherein 0<x?1. Method and apparatus for hydrocarbon cracking are also described herein.