Abstract: A battery and supercapacitor system of a vehicle includes a lithium ion battery (LIB) having first and second electrodes, and a supercapacitor having third and fourth electrodes. A first reference electrode is disposed between the first and second electrodes and is configured to measure a first potential at a location between the first and second electrodes. A second reference electrode is disposed between the third and fourth electrodes and is configured to measure a second potential at a location between the third and fourth electrodes. The first electrode may be connected to the third electrode, and the second electrode may be connected to the fourth electrode. The first and second reference electrodes may not be connected to any of the first, second, third, or fourth electrodes.

Abstract: A battery and supercapacitor system of a vehicle includes a lithium ion battery (LIB) disposed within a housing. The LIB includes: an electrolyte including lithium; and first and second electrodes disposed in the electrolyte. A supercapacitor is disposed within the housing and includes: the electrolyte; and third and fourth electrodes disposed in the electrolyte.

Abstract: A cathode material formed of a plurality of lithium inclusive particles. The particles have a core surrounded by a shell. The shell is characterized by a plurality of pores. Exemplary materials of which the particles are formed include NMC. The cathode material is suitable for use in a lithium-ion battery which has application in apparatus such as automotive vehicles.

Abstract: The electrical performance and structural integrity of lithium battery electrodes, formed of particles of active electrode materials, are improved by mixing electrically conductive wires (metal wires, carbon fibers, and/or the like, including chemically-reduced metal oxide particles) with the particles of active electrode material. For example, copper wires may be intimately mixed with anode particles in porous anode layers which are resin-bonded to sides of a copper current collector foil. And aluminum wires may be mixed with cathode particles in porous cathode layers resin bonded to an aluminum current collector. The wires may be used to increase both the conductivity of electrons and lithium ions and the flexibility of the electrode layer when the electrodes are infiltrated with a solution of a lithium salt electrolyte. The workable thickness of each electrode layer can thus be increased and its performance enhanced to produce a lower cost and better forming battery.

Abstract: A battery and supercapacitor system of a vehicle includes a lithium ion battery (LIB) disposed within a housing. The LIB includes: an electrolyte including lithium; and first and second electrodes disposed in the electrolyte. A supercapacitor is disposed within the housing and includes: the electrolyte; and third and fourth electrodes disposed in the electrolyte.

Abstract: A battery and supercapacitor system of a vehicle includes a lithium ion battery (LIB) having first and second electrodes, and a supercapacitor having third and fourth electrodes. A first reference electrode is disposed between the first and second electrodes and is configured to measure a first potential at a location between the first and second electrodes. A second reference electrode is disposed between the third and fourth electrodes and is configured to measure a second potential at a location between the third and fourth electrodes. The first electrode may be connected to the third electrode, and the second electrode may be connected to the fourth electrode. The first and second reference electrodes may not be connected to any of the first, second, third, or fourth electrodes.

Abstract: The anode and/or the cathode of a lithium-transporting or sodium-transporting electrochemical battery cell or capacitor cell are formed of small (micrometer-size) electrode material particles having one or more channels extending through substantially each electrode particle. The through-channels are formed in the electrode particles as the particles are being formed from precursor materials. Channel-forming fibers are mixed with the electrode precursor materials when the electrode particles are being formed, and the channel forming material is removed from the formed electrode particles to leave through channels in the particles that may subsequently be infiltrated with an electrolyte for the cell.

Abstract: A cathode material formed of a plurality of lithium inclusive particles. The particles have a core surrounded by a shell. The shell is characterized by a plurality of pores. Exemplary materials of which the particles are formed include NMC. The cathode material is suitable for use in a lithium-ion battery which has application in apparatus such as automotive vehicles.