Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing transaction requests in ledger systems.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing transaction requests in ledger systems.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based centralized ledger systems. One of the methods includes: transmitting a timestamp request for a to-be-timestamped block in a blockchain to a trust time server by a ledger server in a centralized ledger system that stores data in the blockchain, the trust time server being associated with a trust time authority and independent from the centralized ledger system, the blockchain including a plurality of blocks storing transaction data, receiving a timestamp and associated signature for the to-be-timestamped block from the trust time server by the ledger server, and storing information of the timestamp and the associated signature for the to-be-timestamped block in the blockchain by the ledger server.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing transaction requests in ledger systems.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing transaction requests in ledger systems.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing transaction requests in ledger systems.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing transaction requests in ledger systems.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based centralized ledger systems. One of the methods includes: receiving timestamps and associated signatures from an independent trust time server associated with a trust time authority by a centralized ledger server in a centralized ledger system, storing the timestamps and the associated signatures in a centralized trust timestamp blockchain that stores trust timestamp information of the trust time server for the centralized ledger system that stores data in blockchains each including a plurality of blocks, receiving a timestamp request for a block of a blockchain from a ledger server associated with the blockchain by the centralized ledger server, and transmitting a timestamp and associated signature that is stored in the timestamp blockchain and corresponds to the timestamp request to the ledger server by the centralized ledger server.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method includes: receiving, by a server storing one or more blockchain ledgers, an authorization request from a client, in which the authorization request includes a service end identifier and a user identifier; generating, based on the authorization request, a database authorization instruction corresponding to the authorization request and a ledger identifier corresponding to the authorization request; authorizing a service end corresponding to the service end identifier as a user in a blockchain ledger corresponding to the ledger identifier; configuring a permission value of the user in the blockchain ledger, in which the permission value determines a degree to which the service end can operate the blockchain ledger; and sending authorization information including the user identifier and the ledger identifier to the service end.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based centralized ledger systems. One of the methods includes transmitting individual timestamp requests for to-be-timestamped blocks in a blockchain to a trust time server independent from a blockchain-based centralized ledger system that stores data in the blockchain, the blockchain including a plurality of blocks storing transaction data, receiving respective timestamps and associated signatures for the to-be-timestamped blocks from the trust time server, and storing information of the respective timestamps and associated signatures for the to-be-timestamped blocks in respective timestamped blocks in the blockchain, any adjacent two of the timestamped blocks in the blockchain being anchored with each other.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based centralized ledger systems. One of the methods includes transmitting a timestamp request for a to-be-timestamped block of a blockchain at a time point to a trust time server by a ledger server in a blockchain-based centralized ledger system that stores data in the blockchain, the trust time server being associated with a trust time authority and independent from the blockchain-based centralized ledger system, the blockchain including a plurality of blocks storing transaction data, and disregarding the timestamp request in response to determining that a predetermined time period has lapsed after the time point and that there has been no reply to the timestamp request from the trust time server.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based centralized ledger systems. One of the methods includes: receiving timestamps and associated signatures from an independent trust time server associated with a trust time authority by a centralized ledger server in a centralized ledger system, storing the timestamps and the associated signatures in a centralized trust timestamp blockchain that stores trust timestamp information of the trust time server for the centralized ledger system that stores data in blockchains each including a plurality of blocks, receiving a timestamp request for a block of a blockchain from a ledger server associated with the blockchain by the centralized ledger server, and transmitting a timestamp and associated signature that is stored in the timestamp blockchain and corresponds to the timestamp request to the ledger server by the centralized ledger server.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based centralized ledger systems.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method includes: receiving, by a server storing one or more blockchain ledgers, an authorization request from a client, in which the authorization request includes a service end identifier and a user identifier; generating, based on the authorization request, a database authorization instruction corresponding to the authorization request and a ledger identifier corresponding to the authorization request; authorizing a service end corresponding to the service end identifier as a user in a blockchain ledger corresponding to the ledger identifier; configuring a permission value of the user in the blockchain ledger, in which the permission value determines a degree to which the service end can operate the blockchain ledger; and sending authorization information including the user identifier and the ledger identifier to the service end.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based centralized ledger systems. One of the methods includes: receiving timestamps and associated signatures from an independent trust time server associated with a trust time authority by a centralized ledger server in a centralized ledger system, storing the timestamps and the associated signatures in a centralized trust timestamp blockchain that stores trust timestamp information of the trust time server for the centralized ledger system that stores data in blockchains each including a plurality of blocks, receiving a timestamp request for a block of a blockchain from a ledger server associated with the blockchain by the centralized ledger server, and transmitting a timestamp and associated signature that is stored in the timestamp blockchain and corresponds to the timestamp request to the ledger server by the centralized ledger server.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based centralized ledger systems. One of the methods includes: receiving timestamps and associated signatures from an independent trust time server associated with a trust time authority by a centralized ledger server in a centralized ledger system, storing the timestamps and the associated signatures in a centralized trust timestamp blockchain that stores trust timestamp information of the trust time server for the centralized ledger system that stores data in blockchains each including a plurality of blocks, receiving a timestamp request for a block of a blockchain from a ledger server associated with the blockchain by the centralized ledger server, and transmitting a timestamp and associated signature that is stored in the timestamp blockchain and corresponds to the timestamp request to the ledger server by the centralized ledger server.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based centralized ledger systems. One of the methods includes transmitting a timestamp request for a to-be-timestamped block of a blockchain at a time point to a trust time server by a ledger server in a blockchain-based centralized ledger system that stores data in the blockchain, the trust time server being associated with a trust time authority and independent from the blockchain-based centralized ledger system, the blockchain including a plurality of blocks storing transaction data, and disregarding the timestamp request in response to determining that a predetermined time period has lapsed after the time point and that there has been no reply to the timestamp request from the trust time server.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based centralized ledger systems. One of the methods includes transmitting individual timestamp requests for to-be-timestamped blocks in a blockchain to a trust time server independent from a blockchain-based centralized ledger system that stores data in the blockchain, the blockchain including a plurality of blocks storing transaction data, receiving respective timestamps and associated signatures for the to-be-timestamped blocks from the trust time server, and storing information of the respective timestamps and associated signatures for the to-be-timestamped blocks in respective timestamped blocks in the blockchain, any adjacent two of the timestamped blocks in the blockchain being anchored with each other.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based centralized ledger systems. One of the methods includes: receiving timestamps and associated signatures from an independent trust time server associated with a trust time authority by a centralized ledger server in a centralized ledger system, storing the timestamps and the associated signatures in a centralized trust timestamp blockchain that stores trust timestamp information of the trust time server for the centralized ledger system that stores data in blockchains each including a plurality of blocks, receiving a timestamp request for a block of a blockchain from a ledger server associated with the blockchain by the centralized ledger server, and transmitting a timestamp and associated signature that is stored in the timestamp blockchain and corresponds to the timestamp request to the ledger server by the centralized ledger server.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method includes: receiving, by a server storing one or more blockchain ledgers, an authorization request from a client, in which the authorization request includes a service end identifier and a user identifier; generating, based on the authorization request, a database authorization instruction corresponding to the authorization request and a ledger identifier corresponding to the authorization request; authorizing a service end corresponding to the service end identifier as a user in a blockchain ledger corresponding to the ledger identifier; configuring a permission value of the user in the blockchain ledger, in which the permission value determines a degree to which the service end can operate the blockchain ledger; and sending authorization information including the user identifier and the ledger identifier to the service end.