Abstract: A modular electrical system including a first current-emitting source module and a first current-consuming sink module which is connected to the first current-emitting source module is provided. The first sink module has a first sink identification means to identify maximum power requirement of the first sink module. The object of providing power balancing between a first source module and a first sink module is achieved in that the first source module has a first source identification means for identifying the power capacity of the first source module, wherein in order to calculate a power ratio of the system the first sink identification means and the first source identification means are connected to a two-wire line for the purpose of generating a differential voltage.

Abstract: An input/output module for a programmable controller is provided that generates an output voltage and an output current from the power input. The input/output module functions as a power supply which re-emits or outputs at least some of the power input so that the occurrence of dissipation heat internally within the module is prevented or reduced. The input/output module reduces the power loss that arises inside the input/output module whenever a digital input receives current. A method is also provided for operating an input/output module for a programmable controller.

Abstract: A modular electrical system including a first current-emitting source module and a first current-consuming sink module which is connected to the first current-emitting source module is provided. The first sink module has a first sink identification means to identify maximum power requirement of the first sink module. The object of providing power balancing between a first source module and a first sink module is achieved in that the first source module has a first source identification means for identifying the power capacity of the first source module, wherein in order to calculate a power ratio of the system the first sink identification means and the first source identification means are connected to a two-wire line for the purpose of generating a differential voltage.

Abstract: An input/output module for a programmable controller is provided that generates an output voltage and an output current from the power input. The input/output module functions as a power supply which re-emits or outputs at least some of the power input so that the occurrence of dissipation heat internally within the module is prevented or reduced. The input/output module reduces the power loss that arises inside the input/output module whenever a digital input receives current. A method is also provided for operating an input/output module for a programmable controller.

Abstract: An arrangement is provided for fastening an exhaust gas turbocharger on an exhaust gas manifold of an internal-combustion engine. A manifold flange is provided at the exhaust gas manifold, on which manifold flange an exhaust gas turbocharger can be fastened which is also provided with a flange surface. It is provided that the manifold flange provided on one side of the exhaust gas manifold is connected with sleeves leading to the opposite side of the exhaust gas manifold, in which sleeves screws are guided for the fastening of the exhaust gas turbocharger. This permits a simple and easily accessible mounting or demounting of the exhaust gas turbocharger on the exhaust gas manifold of the internal-combustion engine.

Abstract: An arrangement is provided for fastening an exhaust gas turbocharger on an exhaust gas manifold of an internal-combustion engine. A manifold flange is provided at the exhaust gas manifold, on which manifold flange an exhaust gas turbocharger can be fastened which is also provided with a flange surface. It is provided that the manifold flange provided on one side of the exhaust gas manifold is connected with sleeves leading to the opposite side of the exhaust gas manifold, in which sleeves screws are guided for the fastening of the exhaust gas turbocharger. This permits a simple and easily accessible mounting or demounting of the exhaust gas turbocharger on the exhaust gas manifold of the internal-combustion engine.