Abstract: An apparatus for charging a substrate including a dielectric substrate, a support member having a first end and a second end between which said member extends substantially parallel to said substrate, a row of electrodes distributed over the support member between the first and second ends, said electrodes extending from the support member in the direction of the substrate, the electrodes having a free end for spraying a charge on the substrate, each free end having a substantially fixed distance from the substrate, wherein the distance in the case of the electrode located at the first and second end of the support member differs substantially from the distance in the case of the electrode located in the middle of the support member.

Abstract: With the present invention a tobacco sheet or foil is proposed which has an elevated filling force and consists of tobacco particles, water, binders and moisturizers, and relatively gas-impermeable, in particular surface-sealed cover layers being connected together by a spongy structure which is formed by gas-filled bubbles, and in which cavities are formed having a shaggy, furrowed and/or torn surface.

Abstract: Aromatic substances are produced from diterpene fractions in a solvent which is oxidized in the absence of photochemically active radiation. The oxidation is performed with an oxidizing agent in the presence of a catalyst. The oxidizing agent is selected from oxygen, peroxo compounds, halogenates and periodates. The catalyst is selected from compounds of tin, lead, cerium, and transition metals of groups Ib, IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb and VIII.