Abstract: A process for chlorinating polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, which comprises A) dissolving a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide in a solvent system which comprises at least one ionic liquid and B) reacting the polysaccharides or oligosaccharides with a chlorinating agent.

Abstract: Process for preparing salts of the formula I (B+)nxAy? where B is a cation comprising at least one nitrogen atom, A is an anion and n is an integer from 1 to 3, x and y are each an integer from 1 to 3 and the product of x and y is equal to n, by reacting salts of the formula II (B+)nxCy? where B and n, x and y are as defined above and C is a compound which has one or more carboxylate groups (referred to as carboxylate for short) and is different from A, with the ammonium salt of the anion A or with the protic acid of the anion A in the presence of ammonia.

Abstract: A method of distilling mixtures of salts having a melting point of less than 200° C. at 1 bar (ionic liquids). The cation of the ionic liquid has a heterocyclic ring system having at least one nitrogen atom, and all nitrogen atoms of the heterocyclic ring system have an organic group as substituent. The anion of the ionic liquid is a compound having at least one carboxylate group or at least one phosphate group. The distance from the surface via which the heat of distillation is introduced in the distillation (vaporizer surface) to the surface at which condensation takes place (condenser surface) is less than 50 cm at at least one point, with the vaporizer surface and condenser surface themselves having at least one length dimension of greater than 50 cm.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for the degradation of cellulose by dissolving the cellulose in an ionic liquid and treating it with an acid, if appropriate with addition of water.

Abstract: A process for chlorinating polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, which comprises A) dissolving a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide in a solvent system which comprises at least one ionic liquid and B) reacting the polysaccharides or oligosaccharides with a chlorinating agent.

Abstract: Method of distilling mixtures comprising salts having a melting point of less than 200° C. at 1 bar (ionic liquids), wherein the cation of the ionic liquid comprises a heterocyclic ring system having at least one nitrogen atom and all nitrogen atoms of the heterocyclic ring system have an organic group as substituent, the anion of the ionic liquid is a compound having at least one carboxylate group (carboxylate for short) or at least one phosphate group (phosphate for short) and the distance from the surface via which the heat of distillation is introduced in the distillation (vaporizer surface) to the surface at which condensation takes place (condenser surface) is less than 50 cm at least one point, with the vaporizer surface and condenser surface themselves having at least one length dimension of greater than 50 cm.

Abstract: Process for preparing salts of the formula I (B+)nxAy? where B is a cation comprising at least one nitrogen atom, A is an anion and n is an integer from 1 to 3, x and y are each an integer from 1 to 3 and the product of x and y is equal to n, by reacting salts of the formula II (B+)nxAy? where B and n, x and y are as defined above and C is a compound which has one or more carboxylate groups (referred to as carboxylate for short) and is different from A, with the ammonium salt of the anion A or with the protic acid of the anion A in the presence of ammonia.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for acylating polysaccharides, oligosaccharides or disaccharides or derivatives thereof by dissolving these in an ionic liquid and reacting them with a ketene, and also novel acylated polysaccharides, oligosaccharides or disaccharides or derivatives thereof.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for silylating polysaccharides, oligosaccharides or disaccharides or derivatives thereof by dissolving these in an ionic liquid and reacting them with a silylating agent.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for preparing acetals of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides or disaccharides by dissolving these in at least one ionic liquid and reacting them with a vinyl ether. The acetalated polysaccharides or oligosaccharides obtained in this way can be crosslinked by treatment with acid. The present invention also provides acetals of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides or disaccharides and also crosslinked polysaccharides or oligosaccharides.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for acylating polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, which comprises dissolving a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide in at least one ionic liquid and, in step A) treating the solution with at least one acid, if appropriate with addition of water, (step A1) or, if appropriate with addition of water, at elevated temperature (step A2) and, in step B) reacting the polysaccharide or oligosaccharide obtained in this way, whose DP is lower than that of the polysaccharide or oligosaccharide used, with an acylating agent.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for the degradation of cellulose by dissolving the cellulose in an ionic liquid and treating it with an acid, if appropriate with addition of water.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for the degradation of cellulose by dissolving the cellulose in an ionic liquid and treating it at elevated temperature, if appropriate in the presence of water.

Abstract: A process for the amplification of structured resists utilizes a reaction between a nucleophilic group and an isocyanate group or thiocyanate group to link an amplification agent to a polymer present in the photoresist. The isocyanate group or the thiocyanate group in addition to the nucleophilic group form a reaction pair. One of the partners is provided on the polymer and the other partner on the amplification agent. The amplification reaction takes place more rapidly than a linkage to carboxylic anhydride groups. Furthermore, the amplification reaction permits the use of polymers that have high transparency at short wavelengths of less than 200 nm, in particular 157 nm.

Abstract: Sheet-like structures obtainable by thermal curing and having a crosslinked cholesteric liquid crystalline ordered structure are suitable, for example, for decorative coatings, for producing security marks, pigmentary particles, polarizers, color filters and IR reflectors.

Abstract: A process for the amplification of structured resists utilizes a reaction between a nucleophilic group and an isocyanate group or thiocyanate group to link an amplification agent to a polymer present in the photoresist. The isocyanate group or the thiocyanate group in addition to the nucleophilic group form a reaction pair. One of the partners is provided on the polymer and the other partner on the amplification agent. The amplification reaction takes place more rapidly than a linkage to carboxylic anhydride groups. Furthermore, the amplification reaction permits the use of polymers that have high transparency at short wavelengths of less than 200 nm, in particular 157 nm.

Abstract: Tris-(cyanato)-s-triazines having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently of one another, represent halogen, in particular, chlorine, bromine and fluorine, hydrogen or a methyl group or ethyl group. The monomers disclosed always provide an anisotropic network. Methods for the polycyclotrimerization of polycyanates to obtain the inventive compounds are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention describes anisotropic polymers of diepoxide A having the formula (I) ##STR1## and anisotropic polymers of diisocyanate B having the formulas (II) to (VII) ##STR2## where as defined in the specification.

Abstract: There is described a process for silylizing carbohydrates in liquid nitrogen compounds,the carbohydrates being reacted under pressure in an autoclave at a tempperature of about 0.degree. to 200.degree. C. with a silylizing agent of the formula (I) ##STR1## in a liquid nitrogen compound of the formula (II) ##STR2## the respective radicals in the two formulas (I) and (II) being, independently of each other:hydrogen, a low alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group with 3 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group in the form of a phenyl or naphthyl radical, an aralkyl group with 7 to 18 carbon atoms, an alkylaryl group with 7 to 18 carbon atoms, or an O-, S- or N-containing heterocyclic group with 2 to 5 carbon atoms.An especially suitable silylizing agent is hexamethyl disilazane. As liquid nitrogen compound preferably ammonia is taken, which under the process conditions is liquid. The process according to the invention is of advantage ecologically and economically.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing polyurethanes having liquid crystal properties comprising reacting, in proportions corresponding to an NCO/OH equivalent ratio of from about 0.9:1 to 1.1:1, an organic polyhydroxyl compound with an organic diisocyanate having at least two phenylene groups and at least one carboxylic ester group. The organic diisocyanate comprises an aliphatic diisocyanate wherein at least one of the carboxylic ester groups connects an aliphatic group to a phenylene group or an aromatic diisocyanate wherein at least one of the carboxylic acid groups connects two phenylene groups.This invention further relates to preferred diisocyanates used in the process according to this invention.