Abstract: Fastening element (100) for a porous material, in particular for balsa wood, comprising a fastening head (1) configured to receive a torque in both rotational directions around a main axis (10) and a shank (2) that extends from the fastening head (1) and ends in a tip (3) at the end facing away from the fastening head. The shank (2) has an outer thread (4) along at least a section of its extension in a direction of the main axis (10), for screwing the fastening element (100) into the material.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for the parallel and independent operation of a normal program and a secure program on the basis of a runtime system structure have all components that are relevant to the control integrated on a hardware component with a specific hardware architecture and be isolated from one another by a runtime system structure for two dual runtime systems for making changes to non-security-relevant components without restriction. The isolation can be provided by prioritizing one of the runtime systems. Such a runtime system structure or hardware architecture eliminates the need for follow-up certification of user-programmable controllers and the certification of the security-critical component is valid even when changes to the non-security-relevant components are made.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for the parallel and independent operation of a normal program and a secure program on the basis of a runtime system structure have all components that are relevant to the control integrated on a hardware component 30 with a specific hardware architecture 300 and be isolated from one another by a runtime system structure 33, 34, 301 for two dual runtime systems for making changes to non-security-relevant components without restriction. The isolation can be provided by prioritizing one of the runtime systems. Such a runtime system structure 301 or hardware architecture 300 eliminates the need for follow-up certification of user-programmable controllers and the certification of the security-critical component is valid even when changes to the non-security-relevant components are made.

Abstract: A method of controlling the partial pressure of at least one substance or substance mixture comprising arranging the substance or mixture of substances in a chamber, arranging at least one element containing the substance or mixture of substances in the chamber and selecting the structure or crystal structure of the element to provide the desired partial pressure in the chamber.