Abstract: The gases are injected through double-tube nozzles which extend through the wall of the reactor into the molten bath. A cooling protective fluid is injected through one tube of each double-tube nozzle. To reduce or avoid a wear of the double-tube nozzles and the surrounding brickwork, the flow rate of the protective fluid is so selected in dependence on the composition of the slag and on the difference between the temperature of the slag and its solidification point that crusts will be formed on the nozzles but will not exceed a desired thickness.

Abstract: A slag phase and lead phase are conducted in a counter-current to each other in an elongated horizontal reactor, in which a gas atmosphere is conducted in a counter-current to the slag phase.

Abstract: A molten bath consisting of a slag phase is maintained in an elongated horizontal reactor. The charge is fed into the reactor on one side thereof onto the molten bath in a melting zone so as to maintain an oxidation potential which causes metallic lead and slag to be formed. Reducing agent is introduced into the slag phase on the other side of the reactor in a reducing zone. To ensure that the bismuth contained in the charge is collected in the smallest possible quantity of crude lead, such an oxidation potential is maintained in the molten bath in the melting zone that the lead phase contains 0.05 to 2% by weight sulfur, the high-Bi primary lead which becomes available in that zone is separately tapped, and the low-Bi secondary lead which becomes available in the reducing zone is also separately tapped.

Abstract: An improved continuous process for the conversion of a non-ferrous metal sulfide to form (A) a slag phase and (B) a non-ferrous metal phase of greater non-ferrous metal than the unconverted non-ferrous metal sulfide, by heating the non-ferrous metal sulfide in the form of a molten bath in a horizontal reactor provided with an oxidizing zone to which an oxidizing gas is added wherein in the oxidizing zone oxidation conditions predominate and a reducing zone to which a reducing gas is added and wherein in said reducing zone reducing conditions predominate is described. In the process, the slag is withdrawn from one end of the horizontal reactor while the non-ferrous metal phase is withdrawn from the other. In accordance with the invention, the gas atmosphere which develops in the horizontal reactor passes in counter-current flow to the flow of the slag phase and exhaust gas is withdrawn from the reactor at the same end of the reactor as is withdrawn the non-ferrous metal phase.

Abstract: A method of stunning an animal prior to slaughter involves heating at least a portion of the brain of an animal, using electromagnetic wave energy which penetrates the skull of the animal. The temperature of substantial portions of the brain is raised to a minimum of 41.degree. C in some cases and to higher temperatures in others. Heating of the brain is effected for a period of less than ten seconds and, preferably, for a period in the range of from 1 second to 7 seconds. The frequency of the electromagnetic wave energy is from 100 to 10,000 megacycles.