Abstract: An apparatus for measuring ionizing radiation includes a detector having a cathode, an anode, a counting gas between the cathode and the anode for generating gas ionization by ionizing radiation, a voltage source for applying a voltage between the cathode and the anode, and a current measuring device for measuring a detector current between the cathode and the anode. The detector current is generated in the counting gas by the ionizing radiation. The apparatus further includes a setting device, wherein the setting device is configured for independently setting the apparatus into different operating modes depending on the measured detector current, and/or wherein the setting device is configured for independently setting the apparatus into different measurement ranges depending on the measured detector current.

Abstract: Described is a luminometer or fluorometer having an optical axis which extends essentially perpendicular to the measuring sample. The detector for the luminometer or the fluorometer is arranged either directly or via a deflection means in the optical axis. An injection device (20) with an injection channel is provided for feeding in the reagents, wherein the injection channel consists of a first section and a second section, arranged at an angle relative to the first section, and is provided with a discharge opening (24c) that points in the direction of the measuring sample.

Abstract: A method for detecting ionizing radiation with the aid of a scintillation counter and a photomultiplier using an inorganic solid-matter scintillator that incorporates at least one decay time component greater than 100 ns and measures the photons emitted by the scintillator with a fast single-photon counter. The single-photon counter is composed of a fast photomultiplier with high internal amplification, a stabilized high-voltage supply and a fast amplifier/discriminator with standard pulse output. With this arrangement, the measurement of all types of radiation, like alpha, beta, gamma and X radiation, can be performed, with low manufacturing costs for the detector, a high degree of sensitivity especially with regard to low beta energies, only small sensitivity changes over a large temperature range of ?20 to +50 degrees C., and good long-term stability.

Abstract: A method for detecting ionizing radiation with the aid of a scintillation counter and a photomultiplier using an inorganic solid-matter scintillator that incorporates at least one decay time component greater than 100 ns and measures the photons emitted by the scintillator with a fast single-photon counter. The single-photon counter is composed of a fast photomultiplier with high internal amplification, a stabilized high-voltage supply and a fast amplifier/discriminator with standard pulse output. With this arrangement, the measurement of all types of radiation, like alpha, beta, gamma and X radiation, can be performed, with low manufacturing costs for the detector, a high degree of sensitivity especially with regard to low beta energies, only small sensitivity changes over a large temperature range of ?20 to +50 degrees C., and good long-term stability.

Abstract: A system for transmission measurement with the aid of microwaves for the continuous determination of the concentration of a substance, the system being composed of: a transmission waveguide antenna for radiating microwave energy; a receiving waveguide a for receiving radiated microwave energy, each of the waveguides being provided with a window that is transparent to microwave radiation; and a signal processing circuit connected to the waveguides for supplying a microwave signal to the transmission waveguide antenna to cause the transmission waveguide antenna to radiate microwave energy via the window of the transmission waveguide antenna and for receiving from the receiving waveguide antenna a microwave signal created in the receiving waveguide antenna by microwave radiation received by the receiving waveguide antenna through the window in the receiving waveguide antenna.