Abstract: For achieving a highest possible measuring accuracy of a circuit for measuring the internal resistance of an exhaust-gas sensor, a method and a circuit for measuring the internal resistance R1 (10) of an electrochemical cell (12) are provided for determining the temperature of an exhaust-gas sensor, especially of a motor vehicle. The circuit is provided with the objective to improve the control to a constant temperature to therefore also improve the performance of the exhaust-gas sensor. A measurement current I_Mess (20) is applied to the internal resistance R1 (10) of the electrochemical cell (12) and a resulting first voltage is detected. A switchover to a reference resistor R2 takes place from time to time or at regular time intervals. With a switchover to the reference resistor R2, the resulting second voltage is stored and thereafter is applied as a reference value for the measurement of the internal resistance R1 (10).

Abstract: For achieving a highest possible measuring accuracy of a circuit for measuring the internal resistance of an exhaust-gas sensor, a method and a circuit for measuring the internal resistance R1 (10) of an electrochemical cell (12) are provided for determining the temperature of an exhaust-gas sensor, especially of a motor vehicle. The circuit is provided with the objective to improve the control to a constant temperature to therefore also improve the performance of the exhaust-gas sensor. A measurement current I_Mess (20) is applied to the internal resistance R1 (10) of the electrochemical cell (12) and a resulting first voltage is detected. A switchover to a reference resistor R2 takes place from time to time or at regular time intervals. With a switchover to the reference resistor R2, the resulting second voltage is stored and thereafter is applied as a reference value for the measurement of the internal resistance R1 (10).

Abstract: Fusion cutting of thermoplastic sheets and textile webs involving bonding of the cut edges is achieved with excellent quality without the accumulation of dirt particles, if the material to be cut is subjected, in the area of the intended cut, to pre-stamping and cutting in immediate succession, under heat and with precise guidance of the separator device in relation to the pre-stamping device, said pre-stamping and cutting being effected in such a way that the plane of symmetry through the pre-stamping device, which plane of symmetry extends perpendicularly to and in the same direction as the material web, is identical to the plane of symmetry extending through the separator device.

Abstract: A change-over device comprising several connecting tubes is arranged before the coating station in order that during the coating of photographic silver halide emulsions the coating operation need not be interrupted when changing from one emulsion type to the other thus allowing direct coating of one of the emulsions which are fed from the supply containers while the remaining emulsions are recycled into the emulsion line by means of a pressure regulating valve. The outlet of an emulsion is effected by a rotational and lifting movement of the changeover piston.