Abstract: A process for obtaining a combustible or fuel, respectively, by thermally cracking a heavy oil in the presence of a wet, hydrocarbonaceous biomass by heating the heavy oil until the pyrolysis of the hydrocarbonaceous biomass, whereby the combustibles and fuels, respectively, are formed, removed from the heated heavy oil and subsequently condensed, characterized in that a hydrocarbonaceous biomass is used the moisture content of which amounts to, at most, 1.0% by weight, based on the biomass.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of carboxylic acid esters by esterification of carboxylic acids and/or transesterification of carboxylic acid esters with alcohols in the presence of a liquid metal catalyst, characterized in that the liquid metal catalyst is the alkaline earth metal salt of a carboxylic acid.

Abstract: A process for obtaining a combustible or fuel, respectively, by thermally cracking a heavy oil in the presence of a wet, hydrocarbonaceous biomass by heating the heavy oil until the pyrolysis of the hydrocarbonaceous biomass, whereby the combustibles and fuels, respectively, are formed, removed from the heated heavy oil and subsequently condensed, characterized in that a hydrocarbonaceous biomass is used the moisture content of which amounts to, at most, 1.0% by weight, based on the biomass.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of carboxylic acid esters by esterification of carboxylic acids and/or transesterification of carboxylic acid esters with alcohols in the presence of a liquid metal catalyst, characterized in that the liquid metal catalyst is the alkaline earth metal salt of a carboxylic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a low-sulfur diesel fuel containing a maximum amount of 0.2% by weight of sulfur and fatty acid monoalkyl esters in an amount of between 10 and 50,000 ppm as lubricity improvers, with the fatty acid moieties of the fatty acid monoalkyl esters originating from saturated fatty acids by at least 50%, in particular by at least 70%. It has been shown that said fatty acid esters show a substantially better lubricity improvement in a low-sulfur diesel fuel than a biodiesel made of rape oil and soy bean oil.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of fatty acid alkyl esters by transesterification, in particular catalytic transesterification, of a mixture of triglycerides and fatty acids, wherein from a reaction mixture, in which the transesterification is carried out, an ester phase containing fatty acid alkyl esters and a glycerol phase containing fatty acids are formed, which are separated from each other, and the fatty acids are separated from the glycerol phase, whereby a fatty acid phase containing fatty acids is formed, which fatty acids are esterified with an alcohol, which method is characterized in that the fatty acid phase is mixed with a further mixture of triglycerides and fatty acids and the fatty acids contained in the obtained mixture are esterified with an alcohol, whereby an esterification mixture containing triglycerides and fatty acid alkyl esters is obtained, which esterification mixture is transesterified with alcohol so as to form further fatty acid alkyl esters.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of fatty acid alkyl esters by transesterification, in particular catalytic transesterification, of a mixture of triglycerides and fatty acids, wherein from a reaction mixture, in which the transesterification is carried out, an ester phase containing fatty acid alkyl esters and a glycerol phase containing fatty acids are formed, which are separated from each other, and the fatty acids are separated from the glycerol phase, whereby a fatty acid phase containing fatty acids is formed, which fatty acids are esterified with an alcohol, which method is characterized in that the fatty acid phase is mixed with a further mixture of triglycerides and fatty acids and the fatty acids contained in the obtained mixture are esterified with an alcohol, whereby an esterification mixture containing triglycerides and fatty acid alkyl esters is obtained, which esterification mixture is transesterified with alcohol so as to form further fatty acid alkyl esters.

Abstract: A liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor for a nuclear power plant on the modular principle is disposed in a reactor cavern having cooling surfaces. A reactor tank contains a reactor core and one or more heat exchangers and primary pumps and is surrounded by a double tank of nodular graphite cast iron serving as a heat accumulator and having a plurality of detachably interconnected and superposed rings and a base. With this configuration, not only is the structure simplified but advantages are also achieved for operation, inspection and repair or exchange. Producing the double tank from cast iron has appreciable advantages for the construction of the entire plant with respect to external influences. The function as a heat accumulator has appreciable advantages for the construction of the heat removal systems of the cooling surfaces.