Abstract: Halogen-containing bis-acrylates and bis-methacrylates corresponding to the formula ##STR1## in which R represents hydrogen or a methyl group and X represents chlorine and/or bromine, are provided as well as a process for producing such compounds. The compounds are useful for the formation of polymers and copolymers and as cross-linking agents. Also included in the invention are the polymers and copolymers based on the above-described halogen-containing bis-acrylates and bis-methacrylates, methods for the production of said polymers and the use of said polymers as flame proofing agents, etc.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for making ethylene by subjecting a gas mixture containing hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and steam to a hydropyrolysis reaction. More particularly, the gas mixture is heated to temperatures higher than 800.degree. C. inside a reaction zone having metal walls. The walls contain aluminum and/or copper in at least their surface portions.

Abstract: A method has been invented for preparing phthalide by catalytic hydrogenation with a Periodic Table, Group VIII catalyst of a phthalide substituted in the 3-position by a hydroxyl, methoxy or acetoxy group.

Abstract: Catalyst for reducing carbon monoxide by means of hydrogen so as to obtain a mixture consisting substantially of C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -hydrocarbons. The catalyst is made by precipitating a salt of a hydrocyanic acid of the general formula Me.sub.I Me.sub.II (CN).sub.x, separating and drying the salt so precipitated and forming it. In the formula, the cationic component Me I stands for at least one of the elements Ce, Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ag and K or a mixture of these elements, or for Ca or Mg in admixture with (NH).sub.4 ; the anionic component Me.sub.II stands for at least one of the elements Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, Zn and Ag or a mixture of these elements; and x stands for the sum of the metal valencies; Me.sub.I and Me.sub.II are not permitted to stand for iron alone, or for a mixture of iron with copper.

Abstract: An improvement in the process for preparing an orthoacetic acid alkyl ester of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is a saturated, branched or un-branched, alkyl moiety of 1 to 8 carbon atoms by:(a) contacting acetonitrile with an anhydrous alkanol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and dry hydrogen chloride in the presence of an organic solvent to prepare the corresponding imidoester hydrochloride;(b) thereafter contacting said imidoester hydrochloride in the acid-free state with an alkanol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms; and(c) removing by-product ammonium chloride from the resultant reaction mixture and distilling the reaction mixture to recover orthoacetic acid alkyl ester, the improvement residing in(d) employing as the organic solvent an inert solvent having a dielectric constant measured at 25.degree. C. of 2.6 or less; and(e) contacting said imidoester hydrochloride in step (b) with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alcoholate before contacting the same with said alkanol.

Abstract: Reduction of carbon monoxide by means of hydrogen with the resultant formation of a mixture of hydrocarbons having substantially from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in contact with a catalyst containing iron or a mixture of iron and copper as its catalytically active ingredient, the catalyst being made by contacting one or more complex salts of the following general formula:Me.sub.x [Fe(CN).sub.6 ].sub.yin which Me stands for an iron and/or copper-ion, x stands for a number of 1 to 4, and y stands for a number of 1 to 3, with hydrogen or a hydrogen/carbon monoxide-mixture at about 200.degree. to 500.degree. C., under 1 to 100 atmospheres absolute and over a period of about 2 to 20 hours and thereby reducing the complex salts substantially to elementary iron or copper.

Abstract: Process of preparing an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, comprising contacting an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated halogen compound with carbon monoxide, an alkali alcoholate in the presence of a metal carbonyl as catalyst, in an alcohol that is the basis of the alkali alcoholate, at a pH of 8.5-11.5. Thereby, for example, crotonic acid methyl ester can be produced from allyl chloride.

Abstract: Halogen-containing bis-acrylates and bis-methacrylates corresponding to the formula ##STR1## in which R represents hydrogen or a methyl group and X represents chlorine and/or bromine, are provided as well as a process for producing such compounds. The compounds are useful for the formation of polymers and copolymers and as a cross-linking agents. Also included in the invention are the polymers and copolymers based on the above-described halogen-containing bis-acrylates and bis-methacrylates, methods for the production of said polymers and the use of said polymers as flame proofing agents, etc.

Abstract: Tetrahaloxylene diesters of formulas 1 and 2: ##STR1## wherein R= hydrogen or a methyl group, and each X is bromo, with the proviso that some of the X's can be chloro. The compounds are useful as flame retardants for plastics.

Abstract: A catalyst containing iron or a mixture of iron with copper as its active ingredient, made by precipitating a complex salt of the general formula:Me.sub.x [Fe(CN).sub.6 ].sub.yin which Me stands for an iron and/or copper ion, X stands for 1, 2, 3 or 4, and y stands for 1, 2 or 3; separating and drying the precipitated salt, and reducing the salt by contacting it with at least stoichiometric proportions of hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, for use in the reduction of carbon monoxide by means of hydrogen with the resultant formation of a mixture consisting substantially of C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydrocarbons is modified. The modified catalyst is formed(a) by subjecting the precipitated and dried salt to thermal decomposition at a temperature of 200.degree. to 500.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for preparing an .alpha.-substituted cyanoacetic acid alkyl ester which comprises contacting an unsaturated nitrile of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group andR.sup.3 is CH.sub.2, CHCH.sub.3, CHCN, CHC.sub.6 H.sub.5 or C(CH.sub.3).sub.2 with an alcohol of the formulaROH IIwhereinR is a primary, secondary or tertiary saturated alkyl moiety of 1 to 20 carbon atoms and carbon monoxide in the presence of Co.sub.2 (CO).sub.8 and an .alpha.-substituted pyridine in the absence of hydrogen at an elevated temperature and pressure.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an aminoacetaldehyde acetal of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is a saturated branched or unbranched alkyl radical of 1 to 4 carbon atommsBy contacting a dialkoxyacetonitrile of the formula ##STR2## wherein R has the same meaning with hydrogen at an elevated pressure and at a temperature of 50-180.degree. C., preferably in the presence of a catalyst and preferably in the presence of ammonia.

Abstract: Production of chloroacetaldehydedimethyl acetal by the reaction of a vinyl halide with chlorine and methanol in contact with an acid binding material in an approximately anhydrous system. Co-produced dichloroethyl, methyl ether is also disclosed.

Abstract: Method for preparing phthalide by the catalytic dehalogenation of 3-chlorophthalide in the presence of hydrogenation catalyst and in the presence of an HCl acceptor.The phathalide which is produced is a valuable chemical intermediate for the manufacture of dyes, plant protecting agents and pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: In a process for preparing substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid chlorides of the benzene series by contacting the corresponding carboxylic acid ester with an aromatic compound containing at least one nuclearly bound trichlormethyl group in the presence of a molybdenum catalyst, the improvement which comprises introducing into the reaction mixture prior to distillation of the carboxylic acid chloride a complexing agent which complexes with the molybdenum catalyst.

Abstract: A process for preparing substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid chlorides of the benzene series which comprises contacting the corresponding carboxylic acid ester with an aromatic compound containing at least one nuclearly bound trichloromethyl group in the presence of a molybdenum catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the operation of an instrument subjected to a radiation, which is protected from the harmful influence of the radiation by means of an auxiliary medium and/or swinging in of a protective shield between source of radiation and instrument.The invention relates further to an apparatus for carrying out this method.

Abstract: The invention provides a carrier-supported catalyst, wherein alumina partially converted to .alpha.-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 is the carrier having between 0.2 and 10 weight % of cerium in oxide form deposited thereon as the catalytically active ingredient.The carrier supported catalyst is made by compressing hydrous alumina or unstable anhydrous alumina into shapes. The shapes are annealed for 10-20 hours at 1000.degree.-1250.degree. C. The annealed shapes are impregnated with an aqueous solution of a cerium salt of a readily decomposable acid and dried at 130.degree.-150.degree. C. The dry cerium salt is decomposed by gradually heating the shapes at 20.degree.-300.degree. C and 450.degree.-550.degree. C, respectively, and the resulting cerium oxide-containing shapes are annealed at 700.degree.-900.degree. C.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula: ##STR1## WHEREIN: EACH X is chloro or bromoY is methyl or bromon is 0 or 1Each of R and R' is hydrogen or methyl.The compounds are produced by contacting an alkali salt of R'--(CH.dbd.C(R)--COOH with tetrahalogen xylene chloride or xylylene dichloride or pentabromobenzylchloride in a polar solvent. The compounds are useful as comonomers and as cross linking agents in polymerization of unsaturated compounds.

Abstract: Builders for detergent and cleaning compositions. The builders comprise copolymers made from .alpha.-hydroxyacrylic acid and acrylic acid. The copolymers contain between 9 and 85 mol % of acrylic acid and have a relative viscosity within the range 0.05 and 1.0, determined on a 1 weight % solution of the copolymers in aqueous 2N-sodium hydroxide solution, at 20.degree. C.