Abstract: An improved control apparatus for producing plastic films and an associated improved method are distinguished, inter alia, by the following features: —the control apparatus has two stages or at least two stages, —the control apparatus comprises, for this purpose, a sensor module and/or a sensor model and a process module and/or a process model, —the machine-dependent sensor module and/or sensor model and the production-dependent process module and/or process model are linked or can be linked to one another via production variables, —adjustable machine variables are connected or linked to plant production variables via the sensor module and/or the sensor model.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compact, on line, real-time, non-contact optical property measurement systems and methods thereof capable of measuring optical quality such as haze, clarity, luminance of a film during the film manufacturing process. More specifically, the optical property measurement system can move in the transverse direction along the film while the film is on the line, thereby measuring the optical property of the film in real time at various locations on the film in both the transverse and machine direction.

Abstract: An improved control apparatus for producing plastic films and an associated improved method are distinguished, inter alia, by the following features: —the control apparatus has two stages or at least two stages, —the control apparatus comprises, for this purpose, a sensor module and/or a sensor model and a process module and/or a process model, —the machine-dependent sensor module and/or sensor model and the production-dependent process module and/or process model are linked or can be linked to one another via production variables, —adjustable machine variables are connected or linked to plant production variables via the sensor module and/or the sensor model.

Abstract: For adjusting the beginning of the pump delivery in a timing device of an injection pump of an air-compressing internal combustion engine for the drive of a vehicle, the beginning of pump delivery belonging to the load condition is determined and adjusted by means of an electric control unit on the basis of the operating parameters internal combustion engine rotational speed, control rack displacement and crankshaft position signal. For reducing the noise emission of the internal combustion engine, in case of a change from an internal combustion engine load which exists over a predetermined time period, from a lower load range into an upper load range, the beginning of the pump delivery is initially adjusted by the control unit in the direction of retard and subsequently the beginning of the pump delivery coordinated to the changed load condition is caused to follow-up with time delay.

Abstract: A self-igniting internal combustion engine which includes at least one piston having a rotational symmetrical piston trough arranged therein. The piston trough has a conical side wall and an inlet port which is less than a largest diameter of the piston trough. An eccentrically arranged injection nozzle is provided for injecting fuel in a wall wetting phase into the piston trough. At least one fuel jet from the injection nozzle impinges approximately in a plane centrally onto the side wall. To avoid a wetting of the bottom of the trough with still liquid fuel, an annular bead is provided having a sharp annular bead edge. A collar is arranged at the neck of the inlet port, with the collar constituting a discontinuous transistion to the inlet port and causing in the area of the collar a swirl formation counteracting the wall-wetting fuel rising toward the inlet port.