Abstract: Systems and methods can perform self-supervised machine learning for improved medical image analysis. As one example, self-supervised learning on ImageNet, followed by additional self-supervised learning on unlabeled medical images from the target domain of interest, followed by fine-tuning on labeled medical images from the target domain significantly improves the accuracy of medical image classifiers such as, for example diagnostic models. Another example aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a novel Multi-Instance Contrastive Learning (MICLe) method that uses multiple different medical images that share one or more attributes (e.g., multiple images that depict the same underlying pathology and/or the same patient) to construct more informative positive pairs for self-supervised learning.

Abstract: The present invention is a device for measuring and displaying the speed, force, rate and/or frequency that an object or a body part strikes a target. The present invention includes an impact sensor, transmitter, computer and display. The sensor includes layers of alternating conductive and non-conductive material that are wrapped around the target. The conductive layers of fabric generate electrical impulses when they come into contact with each other through perforations in the non-conductive material. These signals are interpreted by the computer to derive information about the speed of the strike against the target.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus are disclosed for retaining a fastening element in a retention tool. The retention tool may include a housing that includes a socket configured to receive fastening elements. The retention tool may further include a torque restrictor that is coupled to the housing, and is configured to transfer a rotational force to the fastening elements. The retention tool further includes a retention plate coupled to the housing and configured to retain the fastening elements in the socket. The retention plate may have a first resistance configured to enable the insertion of the fastening elements into the socket in a first direction in response to a first application of a first force. The retention plate may also have a second resistance configured to enable the removal of the fastening elements from the socket in a second direction in response to a second application of a second force.

Abstract: Carboxylic acid mixtures form unsymmetrical ketones in yields approaching statistical using zirconia catalysts promoted with Group IA and IIA elements. Active catalysts exist in their monoclinic or tetragonal but not cubic form. And the level of promoter loading is generally less than ten percent. The advantages of this catalyst over other ketonization catalysts include its high selectivity to ketones, its low formation of dehydrogenated byproducts, and its stability. The catalyst stability permits its regeneration to remove carbon accumulations by air oxidation. This regeneration restores full catalytic activity.

Abstract: The invention is a base-modified clay that selectively catalyzes the formation of a glycol monoester from an aldehyde. The base-modified clay comprises a clay having secluded conjugate base sites and exchangeable interstitial cationic spaces. In the base-modified clay, the interstitial hydroxyl groups have been converted to oxide sites, at least one structural hydroxyl group has been converted to an oxide site. The base-modified clay contains sufficient conjugate base cations to balance the charge of said oxide groups. Processes for preparing the base-modified clay are described. The invention also provides a process for preparing a glycol monoester. This process includes heating in a reaction vessel an aldehyde and a catalytic amount of the base-modified clay under conditions sufficient to produce a glycol monoester.

Abstract: The invention is a base-modified clay that selectively catalyzes the formation of a glycol monoester from an aldehyde. The base-modified clay comprises a clay having secluded conjugate base sites and exchangeable interstitial cationic spaces. In the base-modified clay, the interstitial hydroxyl groups have been converted to oxide sites, at least one structural hydroxyl group has been converted to an oxide site. The base-modified clay contains sufficient conjugate base cations to balance charge of said oxide groups. Processes for preparing the base-modified clay are described. The invention also provides a process for preparing a glycol monoester. This process includes heating in a reaction vessel an aldehyde and a catalytic amount of the base-modified clay under conditions sufficient to produce a glycol monoester.

Abstract: The invention is a base-modified clay that selectively catalyzes the formation of a glycol monoester from an aldehyde. The base-modified clay comprises a clay having secluded conjugate base sites and exchangeable interstitial cationic spaces. In the base-modified clay, the interstitial hydroxyl groups have been converted to oxide sites, at least one structural hydroxyl group has been converted to an oxide site. The base-modified clay contains sufficient conjugate base cations to balance the charge of said oxide groups. Processes for preparing the base-modified clay are described. The invention also provides a process for preparing a glycol monoester. This process includes heating in a reaction vessel an aldehyde and a catalytic amount of the base-modified clay under conditions sufficient to produce a glycol monoester.

Abstract: Disclosed is a very economical way to produce vinyl carbonyls such as ethyl vinyl ketone. Disclosed also is a purification process of separating vinyl carbonyls and coreactants. The catalyst and reaction conditions give useful yields of vinyl carbonyls, the thermodynamically unfavorable product along with coreactants that are more thermodynamically favored. Disclosed also is the separation of reactants that takes place at low distillation temperatures and pressures in the presence of antioxidant.

Abstract: Disclosed is a very economical way to produce vinyl carbonyls such as ethyl vinyl ketone. Disclosed also is a purification process of separating vinyl carbonyls and coreactants. The catalyst and reaction conditions give useful yields of vinyl carbonyls, the thermodynamically unfavorable product along with coreactants that are more thermodynamically favored. Disclosed also is the separation of reactants that takes place at low distillation temperatures and pressures in the presence of antioxidant.

Abstract: A process for producing dimeric unsaturated aldehydes from alpha, beta unsaturated aldehyde is disclosed. This process is conducted by contacting the alpha, beta unsaturated aldehyde with a copper (II) catalyst and a complexing amine catalyst in a medium with a relatively high dielectric constant in substantially anhydrous and aprotic conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a continuous process for the manufacture of 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanal wherein 2-ethylhexanal, formaldehyde and a tertiary amine are continuously fed to a reaction zone and crude product comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase containing 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanal and 2-ethylhexanal is continuously removed from the reaction zone Also disclosed are processes for (1) the azeotropic distillation of the organic phase of the crude product whereby unreacted 2-ethylhexanal is recovered and (2) the catalytic hydrogenation of the refined, organic phase of the crude product to produce 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol.

Abstract: Disclosed is a continuous process for the manufacture of 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanal wherein 2-ethylhexanal, formaldehyde and a tertiary amine are continuously fed to a reaction zone and crude product comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase containing 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanal and 2-ethylhexanal is continuously removed from the reaction zone. Also disclosed are processes for (1) the azeotropic distillation of the organic phase of the crude product whereby unreacted 2-ethylhexanal is recovered and (2) the catalytic hydrogenation of the refined, organic phase of the crude product to produce 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol.

Abstract: Disclosed is a continuous process for the manufacture of 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanal wherein 2-ethylhexanal, formaldehyde and a tertiary amine are continuously fed to a reaction zone and crude product comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase containing 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanal and 2-ethylhexanal is continuously removed from the reaction zone. Also disclosed are processes for (1) the azeotropic distillation of the organic phase of the crude product whereby unreacted 2-ethylhexanal is recovered and (2) the catalytic hydrogenation of the refined, organic phase of the crude product to produce 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol.

Abstract: A catalyst used in a process for producing a .beta.-hydroxyester product or a .beta.-hydroxyaldehyde product from ethylene oxide, carbon monoxide, and, optionally, hydrogen, is disclosed. This process uses, as a catalyst, a catalyst comprising rhodium, ruthenium, and a Group Va promoter.

Abstract: A process for producing a .beta.-hydroxyester product or a .beta.-hydroxyaldehyde product from ethylene oxide, carbon monoxide, and, optionally, hydrogen, is disclosed. This process uses, as a catalyst, a catalyst comprising rhodium, ruthenium, and a Group Va promoter.

Abstract: A process for producing a .beta.-hydroxyester product or a .beta.-hydroxyaldehyde product from ethylene oxide, carbon monoxide, and, optionally, hydrogen, is disclosed. This process uses, as a catalyst, a catalyst comprising rhodium, ruthenium, and a Group Va promoter.

Abstract: Processes for the preparation of low non-transannular, high softening point hydrocarbon resins from 1,5-cyclooctadiene are disclosed. In one aspect of the invention, 1,5-cyclooctadiene is heated in the presence of an aluminum halide catalyst at temperatures at or above 80.degree. C. to give the desired resin. In another aspect of the invention, 1,5-cyclooctadiene is combined with a copolymerizable olefin in the presence of an aluminum halide catalyst at temperatures ranging from 30.degree. C. to 250.degree. C. The high softening point resins produced by these processes have levels of non-transannular impurities below 20% by weight, and these resins are particularly useful as wetting or bonding agents for coatings, adhesives, and other applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of 2,4-disubstituted-1,5-pentanediols from formaldehyde and at least one simple aldehyde of the formula RCH.sub.2 CHO. More particularly the invention relates to a reaction to produce a 2,4-disubstituted glutaraldehyde wherein the reactant mole ratio of aldehyde/formaldehyde is between 1 and 8. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a secondary amine or secondary amine salt catalyst and leads to higher yields of the 2,4-disubstituted glutaraldehyde. The invention also relates to the production of 2,4-disubstituted-1,5-pentanediols by hydrogenation of the 2,4-disubstituted glutaraldehydes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic process for the preparation of tetrahydropyran by the homologation of tetrahydrofuran. The process comprises reacting tetrahydrofuran with synthesis gas in the presence of a catalyst system comprising ruthenium, rhodium, and, preferably, a halide promoter.