Abstract: The present invention is directed to ball joint assemblies, end link and motor vehicles including such items. Such ball joint assemblies may include a ball stud having a spherical surface to be received by a ball socket, a threaded portion having a specific thread diameter for being received by a corresponding fastener. The ball stud may further include a wrench flat having a deck height for receiving a tool to restrain the ball stud, correspondingly sized to the specific thread diameter.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a one piece, integrally molded, bumper-bellows subassembly for use in vehicles, for example, for use in suspension systems, rack and pinion steering systems and airsprings. The present subassembly prevents the elements from entering the bottom of the subassembly and thus eliminates the possibility of damage to the piston rod and seals of the damper. The present subassembly is cost-effective to produce and can be installed quickly and easily. During operation, the present subassembly is stable and is not affected by a severe drop in the suspension.