Abstract: Techniques for predicting the behavior of dopant and defect components in a substrate lattice formed from a substrate material can be implemented in hardware or software. Fundamental data for a set of microscopic processes that can occur during one or more material processing operations is obtained. Such data can include data representing the kinetics of processes in the set of microscopic processes and the energetics and structure of possible states in the material processing operations. From the fundamental data and a set of external conditions, distributions of dopant and defect components in the substrate lattice are predicted.

Abstract: Rational combinatorial computational methods use accurate quantum mechanical and molecular modeling techniques to identify optimum polymerization catalysts for polar olefins. Using mechanistic information to model the polymerization reaction, the methods systematically vary components of a catalyst template to calculate a potential energy surface for a number of catalyst candidates. The potential energy surfaces are compared to identify a catalyst for the catalytic polymerization reaction. Internal Lewis acid single site polar olefin polymerization catalyst compositions and compounds for polymerizing polar olefins are also described.

Abstract: Computer programs and computer-implemented methods for predicting from first principles the behavior of dopants and defects in the processing of electronic materials. The distribution of dopant and defect components in a substrate lattice is predicted based on external conditions and fundamental data for a set of microscopic processes that can occur during material processing operations. The concentration behavior of one or more fast components is calculated in two stages, by solving a first relationship for a time period before the fast component reaches a pseudo steady state at which the concentration of the fast component is determined by concentrations of one or more second components, and by solving a second relationship for a time period after the first component reaches the pseudo steady state. Application of these methods to modeling ultrashallow junction processing is also described.

Abstract: An angle grinder is provided including a rotating handle configuration allowing the handle of the angle grinder to be locked in different positions relative to the angle grinder housing. A switch mounting configuration is provided for simplifying the assembly of the switch device. A gear wheel lock mechanism is also provided to allow the grinding wheel spindle to be prevented from rotating during removal or installation of a grinding wheel on the spindle. A gear case cooling and air bleed arrangement are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for determining the molecular volume and surface area of a solvated solute. One aspect of the present invention is a method for determining the born radii using the methods according to the invention for determining the molecular volume of a solvated solute. Because the methods according to the invention are based upon analytical formulas, the claimed methods are computationally efficient, robust and parallelizable.

Abstract: Computer programs and computer-implemented methods for predicting from first principles the behavior of dopants and defects in the processing of electronic materials. The distribution of dopant and defect components in a substrate lattice is predicted based on external conditions and fundamental data for a set of microscopic processes that can occur during material processing operations. The concentration behavior of one or more fast components is calculated in two stages, by solving a first relationship for a time period before the fast component reaches a pseudo steady state at which the concentration of the fast component is determined by concentrations of one or more second components, and by solving a second relationship for a time period after the first component reaches the pseudo steady state. Application of these methods to modeling ultrashallow junction processing is also described.

Abstract: Computer-implemented methods and apparatus implement a hierarchy of molecular modeling techniques for predicting binding sites of ligands in proteins, designing new pharmaceuticals and understanding the interactions of proteins involved in microbial pathogens. The techniques employ a hierarchical strategy ranging from coarse grain to fine grain conformational search methods combined with hierarchical levels of accuracy in scoring functions.

Abstract: An endoscope comprises a telescope (12), an electrode assembly (13) comprising at least one electrode (13T), and elongate conductive means (13S) for supplying electrosurgical power to said at least electrode from the proximal end of the conductive means. Means are provided for supporting the electrode assembly (13) on the telescope (12) for pivotal movement, in a plane substantially normal to the axis of the telescope, towards, and away from, an operational position in which the conductive means (13S) is substantially parallel to the telescope. Sealing means (16,29) seals the electrode assembly (13) to prevent fluid passing from an operation site adjacent to said at least one electrode (13T) to the proximal end of the conductive means (13S).

Abstract: An electrode assembly for electrosurgical removal of tissue immersed in an electrically conductive liquid has an elongate support structure including at least a pair of wire conductors for carrying radio frequency current, and a bipolar electrode assembly, extending transversely between the two conductors. The tip assembly has a ribbed transversely extending active electrode and a smooth-surfaced transversely extending return electrode mounted on opposite faces of a ceramic insulator body. The electrodes comprise metallic plates on the insulator body, the surface area of the active electrode being between 1.25 to 2 times that of the return electrode. To provide for endoscope mounting, the wire conductors are secured to a spring chip for detachable mounting to the telescope tube of an endoscope.

Abstract: A cryosurgical instrument comprises a cooling tip operable to be cooled by a flow of a cryogenic fluid within the tip; and a fluid transfer chamber having a fluid inlet for receiving cryogenic fluid, a first fluid outlet communicating with the cooling tip for supplying cryogenic fluid to the cooling tip, and a second fluid outlet communicating with an atmospheric air vent.

Abstract: Single component metallocene catalysts for .alpha.-olefin polymerization are disclosed. Prior art cation metallocene catalysts have required a separate anion co-catalyst like methyl aluminoxane (MAO). However, because the inventive zwitterion ansa metallocene (ZAM) catalysts have a "built-in" anion co-catalyst functionality, the need for a separate anion co-catalyst is eliminated.

Abstract: A cryosurgical instrument comprises a metal cooling tip operable to be cooled by a flow of cryogenic fluid within the tip, at least a boiling region of the tip being coated with a heat-insulating coating. The presence of the heat-insulating coating can promote nucleate boiling of the fluid rather than film boiling. Nucleate boiling within the tip provides a greater cooling efficiency of the tip than film boiling.