Abstract: An apparatus and process for making a cigarette tow comprising: means for spinning a dope comprising a solution of cellulose acetate and solvent; means for taking-up the as-spun cellulose acetate filaments; means for lubricating the cellulose acetate filaments; means for forming a tow from the cellulose acetate filaments; means for crimping the tow, the means for crimping comprising a stuffer box crimper comprising a pair of nip rollers adapted to engage the tow, a pair of cheek plates juxtaposed to the pair of nip rollers adapted to keep the tow between the pair of nip rollers, a pair of doctor blades adjacent to an exit end of said pair of nip rollers, and a stuffer box having a stuffer channel adjacent the pair of doctor blades adapted to receive the tow into the channel from the pair of nip rollers, a flapper located at a distal end of the channel adapted to bearingly engage the tow; means for drying the crimped tow; and means for baling the dried crimped tow.

Abstract: A method of removing moisture from a fuel cell stack. The presence of liquid water in a fuel cell stack is especially undesirable should the temperature drop below freezing since the structures within the fuel cell are subject to degradation. One method includes measuring the temperature in the vicinity of a fuel cell vehicle when the fuel cell vehicle has been shut down and measuring the time elapsed since fuel cell vehicle shut off, and then flowing a moisture-removing medium through the fuel cell when the ambient temperature drops to a predetermined temperature and a time delay condition is satisfied. The moisture-removing medium is flowed through the fuel cell for a sufficient time to remove a sufficient amount of the water to inhibit degradation by freezing of water. A system which implements the method of the present invention is also provided.

Abstract: A method of removing moisture from a fuel cell stack is provided. The presence of liquid water in a fuel cell stack is undesirable should the temperature drop below freezing since the structures within the fuel cell are subject to degradation and potentially damage by ice formation. The method of the invention comprises measuring the temperature in the vicinity of a fuel cell vehicle when the fuel cell vehicle has been shut down, and then flowing a moisture-removing medium through the fuel cell when the ambient temperature drops to a predetermined temperature. The moisture-removing medium is flowed through the fuel cell for a sufficient time to remove a sufficient amount of the water in the fuel cell so that the fuel cell is not degraded by freezing of water. The present invention also provides a fuel cell water removing system which implements the method of the present invention.

Abstract: Provided are apparatuses and methods for making chlorine dioxide on demand by converting a chlorine dioxide generating solution into chlorine dioxide by exposure to UV light.

Abstract: Compounds of formula (I)?M.sub.6 Q.sub.8 B.sub.n L.sub.6-n !.sup.xwhere M is Re or Rh;each Q is a bridging atom selected from O, S, Se and Te;B is a monovalent non-bridging atom or moiety;L is a PR.sub.3 group in which R is C.sub.1-6 alkyl or aryl, optionally substituted on the alkyl or aryl group by one or more water-solubilizing groups such as an amine or hydroxidy group, or the three R groups together form a C.sub.6-10 trivalent group which may also contain up to three nitrogen or oxygen atoms;n is an integer from 0 to 6;and x is an integer from -2 to +4, representing the overall charge of the cluster, which when non-zero is accompanied by one or more counter ions of equal and balancing charge, and contrast media, particularly X-ray contrast media, containing them.

Abstract: This invention concerns novel sulphoperoxyacids having the following generic formula ##STR1## wherein the R', R", and M are as defined in the specification. Bleach compositions and methods of bleaching using such novel sulphoperoxyacids are also taught.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the conversion of a reactant into a reaction product in the presence of a novel acid catalyst complex comprising an organosulfonic acid having the formula[(R.sup.2 O).sub.2 P(O)].sub.y R(SO.sub.r R.sup.1).sub.xwherein R is an organo radical having at least one covalent carbon-fluorine bond, R.sup.1 is hydrogen, R.sup.1 is a hydrocarbyl radical having up to 20 carbon atoms or hydrogen, r is 2 or 3, x is an integer from 1 to 3, y is an integer of from 1 to 3 with the proviso that the phosphorus and the sulfur are covalently bonded to a carbon atom and which organosulfonic acid has been contacted with a Lewis Acid to produce a catalyst complex containing said Lewis Acid. In the elected claims, a process for providing a high octane alkylate stream by converting a mixture comprising isoparaffins and olefins into said alkylate in the presence of said acid catalyst complex, is described.

Abstract: This invention provides novel compositions comprising aryl phosphonic or phosphinic acids substituted with more than one sulfo radical. These novel compounds may be reacted with tetravalent metal ions to provide polymers having an inorganic backbone, which polymers are useful as acid catalysts.

Abstract: This invention is a process for the production of trialkyl acetic acids, particularly of pivalic acid, from branched olefins, particularly isobutene, and carbon monoxide using a solid acid catalyst and optionally with minor amounts of a Lewis acid such as boron trifluoride.

Abstract: This invention is a process for the production of trialkyl acetic acids, particularly of pivalic acid, from branched olefins, particularly isobutene, and carbon monoxide using catalytic amounts of a Lewis acid such as boron trifluoride.

Abstract: This invention is a process for the alkylation of isoparaffin with olefins using a catalyst system comprising certain transition aluminas promoted with a Lewis acid (preferably BF.sub.3), and free Lewis acid. The product alkylate is a complex mixture of branched paraffins suitable for use as a high octane blending component for motor fuels.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of making a polymer by reacting, in the absence of water, an organic compound having the general formula R-H wherein R represents an organo radical having at least one unsaturated carbon-carbon bond and H is covalently bonded to one of said carbons, with PX.sub.3, wherein X is a halide radical, and zirconium ions to yield a reaction product and oxidizing and hydrolyzing such reaction product to yield a polymer represented by the general formula Zr(O.sub.3 PR).sub.n wherein n varies from about 1 to about 2.5. R may comprise sulfonic acid groups or may comprise sulfonatable site for sulfonation during the oxidation step. In either case, the resulting product is useful as an acid catalyst.

Abstract: An inflatable and deflatable cushion comprising an inflatable chamber to receive an inflating fluid and further including a plurality of folding means positioned on the cushion for providing a plurality of hinge lines is disclosed. Upon deflation of the cushion, the cushion collapses to enable folding along the hinge lines to enhance the flattening of the deflated cushion and to enable the repeated folding of the cushion into a defined configuration and a small size for easy storage. A valve means permits fluid communication into the chamber to define an inflated cushion and further permits fluid communication out of the chamber in order to provide a collapsed and deflated cushion. The valve means further includes a sound generating means activated by the inflating medium when the cushion is being deflated.

Abstract: An inflatable and deflatable cushion comprising an inflatable chamber to receive an inflating fluid and further including a plurality of folding means positioned on the cushion for providing a plurality of hinge lines is disclosed. Upon deflation of the cushion, the cushion collapses to enable folding along the hinge lines to enhance the flattening of the deflated cushion and to enable the repeated folding of the cushion into a defined configuration and a small size for easy storage. A valve means permits fluid communication into the chamber to define an inflated cushion and further permits fluid communication out of the chamber in order to provide a collapsed and deflated cushion. The valve means further includes a sound generating means activated by the inflating medium when the cushion is being deflated.

Abstract: P-Xylylenediphosphonic acid groups connected through the aromatic ring to a variety of chromophores provide a class of novel dyes of the general formula ##STR1## wherein "Dye" represents the chromophore. These dyes may be covalently bonded to fibers and other substrates containing hydroxyl, amino, or thiol groups to form phosphonic acid esters or amides by reaction in the presence of a carbodiimide such as cyanamide or dicyandiamide.

Abstract: Dyes of the formula ##STR1## are disclosed which are useful in dyeings where the phosphonic acid group serves both as a water-solubilizing group and as a group capable of reacting to bond covalently with the fiber to be dyed. Application of the dyes to cellulose results in reactive dyeing by immobilization of the dye as a cellulose phosphonate ester. The dye substituent is a chromophore, e.g. an anthraquinone or azo chromophore, while R may be hydrogen or lower alkyl.

Abstract: Phosphorus acid substituted chromophores are reactively linked to cellulose fibers by means of a phosphorus ester link produced in the presence of a carbodiimide such as cyanamide.

Abstract: Pyro-methyl phosphonic acid (methyl phosphonic acid monoanhydride) is obtained in a high degree of purity and a yield approaching 100% of theory by the pyrolysis of dimethyl hydrogen phosphite in liquid phase. The pyrolysis product is then converted to methyl phosphonic acid by boiling with water. If desired, the resulting aqueous acid solution may be directly converted to a salt, e.g., to monoammonium methyl phosphonate by the addition of one mole of ammonia per mole of methyl phosphonic acid, or water may be evaporated from the aqueous acid solution and crystalline methyl phosphonic acid may thus be recovered.

Abstract: A dye of the formula: ##STR1## and the alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof are disclosed as novel compositions of matter useful in reactive dyeing of cellulose fibers to give bright red dyeings which exhibit good lightfastness and color strength.

Abstract: M-Aminobenzenephosphonic acid is prepared from the relatively inexpensive starting material benzenephosphonous acid by nitrating the acid starting material under controlled conditions followed by oxidation and reduction procedures to produce the desired product in high yields.