Abstract: Provided herein are composition and process for using a device for the reduction of the oxidized state of phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to the reduced state, using a catalyst to enable the reduction of the oxidized form of the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by hydrogen, and methods for providing the hydrogen.

Abstract: A method of using an electrochemical cell, specifically a membrane bioreactor, to provide electrons to an electron transport chain capable of generating a proton gradient for performing ATP regeneration from ADP. Such an electron transport chain may be part of, or contained within, a synthetic membrane, or may be prepared by the suitable disruption of living cells. Electrons provided by the electrochemical cell are passed to the electron transport system via a suitable electron carrier, such as NADH2, FMNH2, FADH2, reduced ubiquinone(s), thiols, or other electron carriers or biological reducing equivalents that are compatible with the components of the electron transport chain performing ATP regeneration.

Abstract: Apparatus which monitors and controls biological activity of mixed liquor under anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic conditions by measuring the change of intracellular NAD(P)H of the microorganisms. A wastewater treatment system is controlled in accordance with the results generated by the monitoring system.