Abstract: A control system having four major components: a target optimizer, a path optimizer, a neural network adaptation controller and a neural network. In the target optimizer, the controlled variables are optimized to provide the most economically desirable outputs, subject to operating constraints. Various manipulated variable and disturbance values are provided for modeling purposes. The neural network receives as inputs a plurality of settings for each manipulated and disturbance variable. For target optimization all the neural network input values are set equal to produce a steady state controlled variable value. The entire process is repeated with differing manipulated variable values until an optimal solution develops. The resulting target controlled and manipulated variable values are provided to the path optimizer to allow the manipulated variables to be adjusted to obtain the target output. Various manipulated variable values are developed to model moves from current to desired values.

Abstract: A control system having four major components: a target optimizer, a path optimizer, a neural network adaptation controller and a neural network. In the target optimizer, the controlled variables are optimized to provide the most economically desirable outputs, subject to operating constraints. Various manipulated variable and disturbance values are provided for modeling purposes. The neural network receives as inputs a plurality of settings for each manipulated and disturbance variable. For target optimization all the neural network input values are set equal to produce a steady state controlled variable value. The entire process is repeated with differing manipulated variable values until an optimal solution develops. The resulting target controlled and manipulated variable values are provided to the path optimizer to allow the manipulated variables to be adjusted to obtain the target output. Various manipulated variable values are developed to model moves from current to desired values.

Abstract: A method for transporting heavy crude oil through a pipeline which involves introducing into a pipeline or well-bore with the viscous hydrocarbons an aqueous solution containing (1) a sulfonate surfactant, (2) a rosin soap or a naphthenic acid soap and, optionally (3) coupling agent whereby there is spontaneously formed a low viscosity, salt tolerant, oil-in-water emulsion. Also disclosed is a method of recovery of hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon bearing formation employing an aqueous solution containing (1) a sulfonate surfactant, (2) a rosin soap or a naphthenic acid soap and, optionally (3) a coupling agent.

Abstract: A method for transporting heavy crude oil through a pipeline which involves introducing into a pipeline or well-bore with the viscous hydrocarbons an aqueous solution containing (1) a sulfonate surfactant, (2) a rosin soap or a naphthenic acid soap and, optionally (3) a coupling agent whereby there is spontaneously formed a low viscosity, salt tolerant, oil-in-water emulsion.

Abstract: A method for transporting heavy crude oil through a pipeline which involves introducing into a pipeline or well-bore with the viscous hydrocarbons an aqueous solution containing (1) a sulfonate surfactant, (2) a rosin soap or a naphthenic acid soap and, optionally (3) a coupling agent whereby there is spontaneously formed a low viscosity, salt tolerant, oil-in-water emulsion.

Abstract: A method for the recovery of hydrocarbons from a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir by an enriched gas drive wherein lean gas, evolved from the miscible transition zone, is produced ahead of the miscible transition zone and reinjected behind the solvent injection point whereby excessive gas production is utilized and a drive agent miscible with the solvent is provided to displace the reservoir fluids through the reservoir to a production well from which they are produced.

Abstract: A novel, thickened, miscible flooding medium to displace petroleum in subterranean reservoirs is a dispersion of light hydrocarbons, water and a surfactant system. The water may have from about 1500 to 12,000 parts per million polyvalent ions such as calcium and/or magnesium. The surfactant system comprises a water soluble salt of an alkyl or an alkylaryl sulfonate plus a water soluble salt of an alkyl or alkylaryl polyethoxy sulfate anionic surfactant plus a nonionic surfactant such as a polyethoxylated alkyl phenol, a polyethoxylated aliphatic alcohol or a fatty acid mono or dialkanolamide.