Abstract: A continuous process for functionalizing polymers is disclosed, wherein (A) a liquid comprising the polymer and a gas comprising a functionalizing agent are continuously introduced into a dispersing zone operated in laminar flow with high intensity mixing of the liquid and the gas under functionalization conditions, wherein the mixing is conducted for a period of the dispersing zone residence time at a shear rate effective to form a stable gas-liquid dispersion in which the gas is substantially dissolved or dispersed in the liquid for functionalization, and wherein the shear rate is less than about 5 s.sup.-1 for no more than about 30% of the residence time; (B) the gas-liquid dispersion is continuously passed to a blending zone operated in laminar flow with low intensity mixing under functionalization conditions, wherein the mixing is conducted at a shear rate effective to further dissolve the gas into the liquid for further functionalization; and (C) continuously recovering functionalized polymer.

Abstract: The invention pertains to improved lubricating oil dispersants wherein a fractionating polymer is prepared prior to functionalization (e.g., in the Koch reaction) for making dispersant additives. In one aspect, it was discovered that by fractionating a polymer to remove light hydrocarbon and unreacted monomer from the polymer before the carbonylation step of the Koch reaction, the amount of light ester impurities generated was minimized. Light ester is an undesirable byproduct that adversely affects the recycle of the catalyst from the functionalization step of the Koch reaction. The invention also pertains to improved lubricating oil nitrogen-containing dispersant additives derived from fractionated polymer.

Abstract: A Koch functionalized product, which is the reaction product of at least one hydrocarbon with carbon monoxide and a nucleophilic trapping agent, is derivatized with a heavy polyamine and a second amine. The hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon compound or a hydrocarbon polymer. A heavy polyamine is a mixture of polyamines containing small amounts of lower polyamine oligomers such as tetraethylene pentamine and pentaethylenehexamine and containing primarily oligomers with more than 6 nitrogens and more extensive branching. Rubber seals embrittlement is reduced or minimized.

Abstract: A Koch functionalized product, which is the reaction product of at least one hydrocarbon with carbon monoxide and a nucleophilic trapping agent is derivatized with a heavy polyamine. A heavy polyamine is a mixture of polyamines comprising small amounts of lower polyamine oligomers such as tetraethylene pentamine and pentahexamine but primarily oligomers with more than 6 nitrogens and more extensive branching.

Abstract: The invention pertains to improved lubricating oil dispersants wherein a fractionating polymer is prepared prior to functionalization (e.g., in the Koch reaction) for making dispersant additives. In one aspect, it was discovered that by fractionating a polymer to remove light hydrocarbon and unreacted monomer from the polymer before the carbonylation step of the Koch reaction, the amount of light ester impurities generated was minimized. Light ester is an undesirable byproduct that adversely affects the recycle of the catalyst from the functionalization step of the Koch reaction. The invention also pertains to improved lubricating oil nitrogen-containing dispersant additives derived from fractionated polymer.

Abstract: A process for preparing polymeric amides is disclosed. The process comprises sequentially reacting a hydrocarbon polymer functionalized (e.g., via the Koch reaction) to contain acid, ester, thioacid and/or thioester groups with a heavy polyamine to form a partially derivatized product in which at least about 85% of the functional groups are converted to heavy (thio)amide groups, and then reacting the partially derivatized product with an excess of light amine to complete the derivatization by converting substantially all of the remaining functional groups to light (thio)amide groups. Products of the foregoing process are also disclosed, which products are useful as additives in fuels and in lubricants.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon composition functionalized via the Koch reaction which is the reaction product of at least one hydrocarbon having a number average molecular weight of less than 500 and at least one ethylenic double bond per molecule, with carbon monoxide and a nucleophilic trapping agent. The hydrocarbon is usefully functionalized and derivatized, producing, in particular, lubricants suitable for use in two-cycle engines.

Abstract: A Koch functionalized product, which is the reaction product of at least one hydrocarbon with carbon monoxide and a nucleophilic trapping agent, is derivatized with a heavy polyamine and a second amine. The hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon compound or a hydrocarbon polymer. A heavy polyamine is a mixture of polyamines containing small amounts of lower polyamine oligomers such as tetraethylene pentamine and pentaethylenehexamine and containing primarily oligomers with more than 6 nitrogens and more extensive branching. Rubber seals embrittlement is reduced or minimized.

Abstract: A continuous process for functionalizing olefins, especially polymer olefins in a CSTR or pipe reactor. Esters are preferably produced by continuous reaction of the olefin with carbon monoxide and a nucleophilic trapping agent. The liquid-filled pipe reactor operates in plug flow with static mixers and the CSTR is operated in the substantial absence of air at constant liquid level.

Abstract: A rapid, batch Koch carbonylation/functionalization reaction of at least one polymer olefin, carbon monoxide, and an aliphatic or aryl alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst with either an alcohol:polymer olefin mole ratio .gtoreq.1:1, or an acid catalyst:polymer olefin mole ratio .gtoreq.0.9:1, or both, and recovering at least 80% functionalized polymer which is predominantly ester.

Abstract: A dispersant derivatized from a functionalized hydrocarbon and a polyamine having one primary amine and 1-10, preferably 3-8 secondary or tertiary amines; preferably where said functionalized hydrocarbon is a Koch-derived hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A Koch functionalized product which is the reaction product of at least one polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 500 and at least one ethylenic double bond per polymer chain, with carbon monoxide and a nucleophilic trapping agent. The invention includes functionalized polymer, derivatives thereof and methods of making the same.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for preparing a polymeric amide which comprises the steps of:(A) reacting a mixture of (i) functionalized hydrocarbon polymer containing ester functional groups comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of substituted alkyl ester functional groups, the substituted alkyl moiety containing at least one electron withdrawing substituent group, and aryl ester functional groups, the hydrocarbon polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least about 500 prior to functionalization, and (ii) an amine having at least one reactive --NH.sub.2 moiety, for a time and under conditions sufficient to form amide groups; and(B) removing from the mixture during step (A) hydroxyl compound released from the ester functional groups in forming the amide groups.The polymeric amides so produced are useful as fuel additives (e.g., detergents) and lubricating oil additives (e.g., dispersants).