Abstract: The present invention includes a method of detecting contamination in a fluid sample includes bringing a fluid sample into contact with a pair of spaced apart electrodes and applying a plurality of voltages across the electrodes, wherein the plurality of voltages vary in magnitude between a first and second voltage level. The current is then measured between the electrodes at the plurality of voltages and a contamination level is determined using the measured currents. The present invention also includes a system for determining a particulate contamination level in a fluid sample. The system includes a sensor including a pair of spaced apart electrodes, wherein the fluid sample is brought into contact with the electrodes for detection of the level of particulate contamination therein, and a voltage application means for applying a voltage across the spaced apart electrodes. The system also further includes a current sensor coupled to one of the electrodes.

Abstract: A plasma confinement apparatus, wherein multiple magnetic mirror cells are linked by magnetic field lines inside of a solenoid with the mirroring regions for adjacent magnetic mirror cells each formed by a separate mirror coil inside of the solenoid. The magnetic mirror cells may be field reversed.