Abstract: CX is measured in the presence of RP by charging CX with a constant current IC for a period time and taking four (time, voltage) pairs: (tA,VA), (tB,VB), (tC,VC) and (tD,VD). The first pair are sufficiently close together that the short straight line segment connecting (tA, VA) and(tB, VB) is not significantly different from the corresponding segment of a true graph of the capacitor's actual charging. A similar requirement is imposed on the time interval between tC and tD. The time interval tAtB need not be the same as tCtD. The interval tBtC should be long enough that if there is significant RP present then there is at least a discernable difference between the true graph and a straight line between the first pair and the second. CX and RP are computed as a function of the four pairs and IC, and CX may then be diminished by a previously measured value for a stray capacitance present in the absence of CX.

Abstract: The output of a commercially available integrated high gain differential amplifier that already has reasonable linearity is connected back to the (?) input to obtain the well known circuit configuration for a non-inverting amplifier, whose gain may be unity or greater, and whose linearity in response to the (+) input is to be improved. We operate the part with power supplies that are dynamically varied to always be the amplifier input+N volts and that input-N volts. This allows the part to remain a low voltage swing part (±N volts) even though the actual output might swing several times that ±N volts. It improves linearity because the part is almost always operating at nearly ‘the same operating point’ relative to the perceived power supplies. The dynamically tracking power supplies maybe obtained from plus and minus higher voltage work supplies and the use of symmetrical current mirrors to produce matched ±N volt offsets that are referenced to the input of the amplifier.

Abstract: A low voltage source of input edges for a pulse of precision duration is applied to an input buffer to provide a low impedance source whose output is AC coupled to positive and negative edge differentiators. Each differentiator briefly drives ON a corresponding normally OFF switch, the pair of which switches serves as an impulse driver and that may be clamped to symmetrical opposing reference voltages. The clamped impulse driver may also be coupled to a bi-stable switch driver that responds to a particular polarity impulse driver voltage by applying thereto through a load resistor a percentage of a power supply voltage of opposite polarity. The bi-stable switch driver changes state each time input edges of alternating polarity are applied to the input buffer.

Abstract: A low voltage source of input edges is AC coupled to positive and negative edge differentiators. Each differentiator briefly drives ON a corresponding normally OFF switch, the pair of which switches serves as an impulse driver and that may be clamped to symmetrical opposing reference voltages. The bi-stable switch driver responds to a particular polarity impulse driver voltage by applying thereto through a load resistor a percentage of a power supply voltage of opposite polarity. The impulse driver is also coupled to a complementary pair of MOSFET switches that are in series between precise reference voltages of opposing polarities, and whose common junction may be connected to a current determining resistance. The output of the MOSFET switches may be assisted by an auxiliary bi-stable output driver that reduces the amount load current drawn from those MOSFETs.