Abstract: An outer ring is formed with counterbores at the ends thereof, disposed along a common axis and separated by a radially inwardly extending keel portion. A polymer liner is inserted into each end of the outer ring into abutment with the keel portion, the polymer liners being preformed with spherically concave inner surfaces conforming to a ball part entrapped therebetween. A portion of the outer ring is then deformed by upset forming over a portion of the polymer liners to lock the polymer liners in position. An electrical sensor for indicating failure of the polymer liners is also disclosed.

Abstract: Gapping apparatus includes offset knife sets adapted on closing to break the legs of the U-shaped fastener elements in the desired gap zone. Cutters are also provided to sever the end cords of the elements so that parts of the fastener elements in the gap area are completely liberated upon the opening of the apparatus. Indexing means are provided.

Abstract: Waistband fastener has substantially identical parts comprising Y-shaped body having flat body with uniformly spaced legs terminating in offset feet leaving openings between legs so that leg of "hook"-functioning part on one fly flap can hook into opening between two legs of "bar"-functioning part on other flap.