Abstract: A formulation, comprising an ophthalmically effective amount of one or more tocotrienol quinones, particularly of alpha-tocotrienol quinone is disclosed. Use of a formulation comprising one or more tocotrienol quinones for the prevention, reduction, amelioration or treatment of ophthalmic disorders that are associated with a neurodegenerative or trauma disorder is also discussed. A method of treating or controlling the ocular symptoms associated with neurodegenerative diseases or trauma with a formulation comprising one or more tocotrienol quinones is also discussed. A method of treating or controlling the ocular symptoms associated with mitochondrial myopathies with a formulation comprising one or more tocotrienol quinones is also discussed.

Abstract: Methods of treating mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders using compounds having erythropoietin activity or thrombopoietin activity are disclosed. Indicators for assessing the efficacy of treatment are discussed.

Abstract: Methods of treating mitochondrial disorders that are not respiratory chain disorders using compositions comprising EPO mimetic compounds or compounds capable of increasing endogenous EPO levels or stimulating erythropoiesis are disclosed. Methods of treating Friedreich's ataxia, Leigh's syndrome, or other disorders by increasing the expression of frataxin with an EPO mimetic compound or a compound capable of increasing endogenous EPO levels or stimulating erythropoiesis are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods of treating or suppressing mitochondrial diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactacidosis, and stroke (MELAS), Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS), are disclosed, as well as compounds useful in the methods of the invention, such as 4-(p-quinolyl)-2-hydroxybutanamide derivatives. Methods and compounds useful in treating other disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and pervasive developmental disorders such as autism are also disclosed. Energy biomarkers useful in assessing the metabolic state of a subject and the efficacy of treatment are also disclosed. Methods of modulating, normalizing, or enhancing energy biomarkers, as well as compounds useful for such methods, are also disclosed.