Abstract: A new internal combustion engine cylinder and valve assembly includes one or more valve openings and valves having a non-circular periphery. The non-circular valve openings and valves increase the flow-through area across the engine intake and exhaust valves, increasing the air quantity available in the cylinder assembly for combustion. The increased air quantity available through the non-circular valve opening and valves reduces the throttling loss experienced by the cylinder assembly, increases the extent of combustion of the air-fuel mixture introduced into the cylinder assembly, reduces engine pumping losses, increases the power output of the engine, reduces the amount of residual hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide present in the exhausted gases, and provides overall a more efficient internal combustion engine cylinder and valve assembly, particularly where such engines are turbocharged.

Abstract: The motor-assisted variable geometry turbocharging system has a motor to add power to the turbocharging shaft, especially at low exhaust gas volume. Additionally, the turbocharger has control over compressor air inlet direction and/or control of exhaust gas to a two-volute expander. These are individually controlled directly or indirectly from an engine controller to enhance turbocharger performance. In a preferred embodiment, the motor is an electric motor, mounted directly on the turbocharger shaft intermediate the turbo expander and turbo compressor and within the main housing.