Abstract: A system for graphitization of carbon powder, the system including a graphitization container having a body made of a carbonaceous material. The body has a cavity extending in a longitudinal direction, and the body has an opening in communication with the cavity. The container includes a heating element made of a carbonaceous material, wherein the heating element is positioned in the cavity such that the heating element extends in the longitudinal direction. The container includes a lid configured to removably cover the opening. The system is configured such that when the lid is removed, the opening provides access to the cavity in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction for at least one of loading or unloading of a payload material into or out of the cavity.

Abstract: A system for graphitization of carbon powder, the system including a cask comprising a cask body made of a carbonaceous material and a binder, the cask body having a cavity. The system further includes a filament made of a carbonaceous material and a binder, wherein the filament is configured to be positioned in the cavity and aligned with the cask body.

Abstract: A stream of hot oxygen is formed by providing a duct and a fuel lance movable axially within the duct, flowing gaseous fuel out of the lance into the duct, mixing it in the duct with gaseous oxidant, flowing the mixture out of the duct into an atmosphere which is hot enough that it ignites the mixture without aid of an ignition source other than said atmosphere, and combusting said mixture in a flame that does not extend into said duct; then moving the lance so its fuel outlet approaches the duct exit orifice so that the base of said flame moves inside said duct to the fuel outlet; and then moving the lance to draw the fuel outlet and the flame attached thereto away from the exit orifice into the duct; and increasing the flow rate of gaseous oxidant in said duct, so that combustion of fuel within the duct heats uncombusted oxygen which emerges as a stream of hot oxidant.

Abstract: A stream of hot oxygen is formed by providing a duct and a fuel lance movable axially within the duct, flowing gaseous fuel out of the lance into the duct, mixing it in the duct with gaseous oxidant, flowing the mixture out of the duct into an atmosphere which is hot enough that it ignites the mixture without aid of an ignition source other than said atmosphere, and combusting said mixture in a flame that does not extend into said duct; then moving the lance so its fuel outlet approaches the duct exit orifice so that the base of said flame moves inside said duct to the fuel outlet; and then moving the lance to draw the fuel outlet and the flame attached thereto away from the exit orifice into the duct; and increasing the flow rate of gaseous oxidant in said duct, so that combustion of fuel within the duct heats uncombusted oxygen which emerges as a stream of hot oxidant.