Abstract: A cryogenic air separation unit is used to separate carbon dioxide from a flue gas stream. The temperature and pressure of the carbon dioxide are controlled so that the separated carbon dioxide coming from the cryogenic air separation unit is in a liquid phase. The liquid phase carbon dioxide is converted to carbon monoxide by safely reacting the carbon dioxide with carbon at high temperature in a plasma arc reactor. The carbon monoxide produced by this reaction has sufficient energy potential to be used as a fuel.

Abstract: A method for desulfurizing gases is provided in which microdomains or microcrystals, of cerium oxide are provided within an alumina substrate. The cerium oxide microdomains within the alumina react within the sulfur in the gases to reduce the sulfur content of the effluent gas. The use of microdomains provides a high surface area of cerium oxide, and a stable surface area of the cerium oxide, which react in a rapid fashion with the sulfur-containing molecules leading to effective desulfurization to levels produced by thermodynamic calculations of the effluent gas.

Abstract: A solid solution for the desulfurization of sulfur containing gases is provided in which the solution contains oxides having oxygen ion vacancies provided therein. The solid solution has a solvent which has at least one lanthanide oxide which crystallizes in the fluorite habit. The solid solution has a solute which contains a second oxide having a valence which differs from the valence of the lanthanide oxide present in the solvent.

Abstract: A process for optimizing the removal of nitrogen oxide (NO.sub.x) and sulfur oxide (SO.sub.X) from flue gases is provided in which the flue gases pass over a lanthanide-oxygen-sulfur catalyst. The catalyst has active sites provided on its surface which promote the dissociation of NO.sub.X and receive and entrap oxygen released during the dissociation of the NO.sub.X. While the flue gases pass over the catalyst, a reducing gas contacts the catalyst to reduce the oxygen on the active sites of the catalyst and permit the catalyst to continue to promote the dissociation of the NO.sub.x in the flue gas. If the flue gases contain SO.sub.X, they are then passed over a solid solution having a solvent of a first lanthanide oxide compound which crystallizes in the fluorite habit and a solute of at least one altervalent oxide of a second lanthanide. The SO.sub.X in the flue gases reacts with the solid solution to form a sulfated lanthanide oxide which is removed from the flue gases.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of sulfur oxides from flue gases is provided in which ammonia is added to the flue gas to precipitate out (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4. The (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 is collected and can be sold as a commercial product.

Abstract: A process for the removal of chlorine from reducing gases is provided wherein the reducing gases are contacted with cerium oxide. The chlorided cerium oxide is regenerated in an oxidizing atmosphere to provide cerium oxide. This cerium oxide regenerated is again capable of reacting with chlorine in reducing gases.

Abstract: A clip formed from a resilient wire rod having a circular cross sectional configuration utilized for installing a canvas stretcher frame within a decorative picture frame. The clip has an elongated central body portion connecting first and second legs at opposite ends thereof. A sharpened projection extends from the free end of a first leg while a resiliently deformable retaining portion is formed adjacent the free end of the second leg. The diameter of the wire rod is smaller than the clearance space formed between the rabbet groove of the picture frame and the adjacent rail or stile of the stretcher frame. The first leg is inserted into the clearance space with the central portion overlaying the clearance space portion of the rearwardly facing edge of the rabbet groove, and thereafter the clip is rotated so the central section swings over the adjacent rail or stile of the stretcher frame.

Abstract: A method for desulfurization of fuel gases resulting from the incomplete combustion of sulfur containing hydrocarbons whereby the gases are treated with lanthanide oxides containing large numbers of oxygen-ion vacancies providing ionic porosity which enhances the ability of the lanthanide oxides to react more rapidly and completely with the sulfur in the fuel gases whereby the sulfur in such gases is reduced to low levels suitable for fuels for firing into boilers of power plants generating electricity with steam turbine driven generators, gas turbines, fuel cells and precursors for liquid fuels such as methanol and the like.

Abstract: A method for the regeneration of sulfur containing cerium compounds formed by the desulfurization of fluid materials containing sulfur with cerium oxide back to its original form, CeO.sub.2, wherein the sulfur containing cerium compounds are removed from contact with the fluid material containing sulfur; the temperature of the sulfur containing cerium compounds is raised above the temperature at which cerium sulfate dissociates; and the sulfur containing cerium compounds whose temperature is above the temperature at which cerium sulfate dissociates is exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere.

Abstract: A method for desulfurizing gases in which the sulfur is mainly in the form of hydrogen sulfide by reacting with one of the forms of cerium oxide with the formation of a cerium-oxygen-sulfur compound, which method can be conducted at temperatures as high as the lowest melting point of either the cerium oxides or cerium-oxygen-sulfur compounds formed by the reactions. The method also includes a definition of the temperature necessary for the regeneration of the cerium-oxygen-sulfur compounds back to cerium oxide which is capable of again reacting with the hydrogen sulfide of the gases being desulfurized whereby the emission of sulfur from the combustion of sulfur containing hydrocarbons is reduced to a level below that attainable with any other method when operated at the same high temperatures.

Abstract: A method for desulfurizing gases in which the sulfur is mainly in the form of hydrogen sulfide by reacting with one of the forms of cerium oxide with the formation of a cerium-oxygen-sulfur compound, which method can be conducted at temperatures as high as the lowest melting point of either the cerium oxides or cerium-oxygen-sulfur compounds formed by the reactions. The method also includes a definition of the temperature necessary for the regeneration of the cerium-oxygen-sulfur compounds back to cerium oxide which is capable of again reacting with the hydrogen sulfide of the gases being desulfurized whereby the emission of sulfur from the combustion of sulfur containing hydrocarbons is reduced to a level below that attainable with any other method when operated at the same high temperatures.

Abstract: A method is provided for removing sulfur and hydrogen from steel by the steps of pouring a stream of steel, low in oxygen and free of slag into a vertical tube installed in a ladle which extends from the bottom of the ladle to the top of the ladle, providing a means to introduce a flow of inert gas into the bottom of the tube to provide a stirring action within the tube, adding a lime based slag with a large capacity to absorb sulfur into the tube; adding ferro-alloys and metals into the tube which are known to enhance desulfurization and are necessary to achieve the specified composition of the steel; utilizing the stream of inert gas introduced into the bottom of the tube as a means for hydrogen removal.

Abstract: A method for adding reactive metals to steel being continuously cast to eliminate the problem of tundish nozzle plugging is provided by the steps of continuously casting molten steel through a tundish nozzle while introducing a reactive metal into the molten steel in a form and at a point either above or below the tundish nozzle such that high melting oxides and/or oxysulfides of the reactive metal are not formed in an amount sufficient to cause plugging in the nozzle before passing through the nozzle. A flux can be introduced with the alloy or subsequent to the alloy addition that can lower the melting point of the reactive products below the temperature of the steel going through the tundish nozzle.

Abstract: A method for desulfurizing gases in which the sulfur is mainly in the form of hydrogen sulfide by reacting with one of the forms of cerium oxide with the formation of a cerium-oxygen-sulfur compound, which method can be conducted at temperatures as high as the lowest melting point of either the cerium oxides or cerium-oxygen-sulfur compounds formed by the reactions. The method also includes a definition of the temperature necessary for the regeneration of the cerium-oxygen-sulfur compounds back to cerium oxide which is capable of again reacting with the hydrogen sulfide of the gases being desulfurized whereby the emission of sulfur from the combustion of sulfur containing hydrocarbons is reduced to a level below that attainable with any other method when operated at the same high temperatures.

Abstract: A method of pouring metal to provide improved physical properties is provided including the steps of: (a) pouring the metal through a generally vertical consumable tube extending from a pouring source to a point submerged beneath the surface of a molten pool in the receptacle, (b) continuously consuming the end of said vertical tube submerged beneath the surface of the molten pool to maintain a generally uniform portion of tube end submerged in said molten pool as pouring progresses of sufficient length to provide stirring action across substantially the full top area and to prevent the metal from flowing across the top surface as a flowing layer; and (c) removing said tube when pouring into the receptacle is completed. Slag components and/or alloy components are introduced into the metal in the tube to react with the metal.

Abstract: A method for desulfurizing fluid materials, comprising reacting sulfur to be removed with a rare earth compound, thereby forming rare earth sulfides, oxysulfides or mixtures thereof. The reaction is conducted under conditions of low oxygen potential. Rare earth sulfides and oxysulfides can be reacted with oxygen to restore a capacity for desulfurization.

Abstract: A method for desulfurizing fluid materials, comprising reacting sulfur to be removed with a rare earth compound, thereby forming rare earth sulfides, oxysulfides or mixtures thereof. The reaction is conducted under conditions of low oxygen potential. Rare earth sulfides and oxysulfides can be reacted with oxygen to restore a capacity for desulfurization.

Abstract: A method for desulphurizing fluid materials such as molten iron, steel, stack gases, synthetic natural gases, boiler gases, coal gasification and liquification products and the like is provided in which one of the group rare earth oxides, rare earth fluocarbonates, rare earth oxyfluorides and mixtures thereof, including bastnasite concentrates are reacted at low oxygen potential, with the sulphur to be removed to form one of the group consisting of rare earth sulphides, rare earth oxysulphides and mixtures thereof. The low oxygen potential can be achieved by carrying out the reaction in the presence of vacuum, reducing gases, carbon, etc.

Abstract: A method for desulphurizing fluid materials such as molten iron, steel, stack gases, synthetic natural gases, boiler gases, coal gasification and liquification products and the like is provided in which one of the group rare earth oxides, rare earth fluocarbonates, rare earth oxyfluorides and mixtures thereof, including bastnasite concentrates are reacted at low oxygen potential, with the sulphur to be removed to form one of the group consisting of rare earth sulphides, rare earth oxysulphides and mixtures thereof. The low oxygen potential can be achieved by carrying out the reaction in the presence of vacuum, reducing gases, carbon, etc.

Abstract: A method for desulphurizing iron, steel, stack gases and the like is provided in which rare earth oxides are reacted, in the presence of an agent, such as carbon, vacuum, reducing gases, etc. for reducing the oxygen level, with the sulphur to be removed to form one of the group consisting of rare earth sulphides, rare earth oxysulphides and mixtures thereof.