Abstract: A layered directional coupler including conductive traces placed along predetermined axes for making contact with main and auxiliary signal lines. The axes are positioned at predetermined angles relative to each other to maximize the area for making contact thereto, which minimizes the size of the directional coupler. Ground planes are used to minimize parasitic coupling between the traces. The main and auxiliary signal lines are provided by inductively coupled juxtapositioned spiral coils which coupling maximize the characteristics of the coupler.

Abstract: A layered directional coupler including conductive traces placed along predetermined axes for making contact with main and auxiliary signal lines. The axes are positioned at predetermined angles relative to each other to maximize the area for making contact thereto, which minimizes the size of the directional coupler. Ground planes are used to minimize parasitic coupling between the traces. The main and auxiliary signal lines are provided by inductively coupled juxtapositioned spiral coils which coupling maximize the characteristics of the coupler.

Abstract: The microwave frequency characteristics of a cavity having a center conducting element and conducting cavity are modified by changing the length of the center conducting element. The resonating structure is comprised of a coaxial member providing the principal resonating surfaces. One end of the coaxial member is coupled to a wall of the cavity surrounding the center conducting member with provision for access to the interior of the center conducting member from a position exterior to the cavity. The second end of the center conducting element is free. In addition, the second end of the resonating element has threads fabricated on an interior surface and a self-locking insert positioned in the threaded portion. A threaded rod is inserted through the self-locking insert and extends beyond the center conducting element into the cavity.