Abstract: Methods and devices implementing a combination of multi-dimensional pulse position modulation (PPM) with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) or wavelength division multiplexing multiple access (WDMA) for long range space communications are disclosed. The described multi-dimensional PPM scheme can use the laser wavelength and/or polarization as the additional dimension(s) to the time dimension. Through examples it is shown that the disclosed teachings result in a higher photon information efficiency. Various exemplary embodiments are also presented to highlight the applications benefiting from the disclosed methods and devices.

Abstract: Methods and devices implementing a combination of multi-dimensional pulse position modulation (PPM) with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) or wavelength division multiplexing multiple access (WDMA) for long range space communications are disclosed. The described multi-dimensional PPM scheme can use the laser wavelength and/or polarization as the additional dimension(s) to the time dimension. Through examples it is shown that the disclosed teachings result in a higher photon information efficiency. Various exemplary embodiments are also presented to highlight the applications benefiting from the disclosed methods and devices.

Abstract: Methods and devices implementing a combination of multi-dimensional pulse position modulation (PPM) with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) or wavelength division multiplexing multiple access (WDMA) for long range space communications are disclosed. The described multi-dimensional PPM scheme can use the laser wavelength and/or polarization as the additional dimension(s) to the time dimension. Through examples it is shown that the disclosed teachings result in a higher photon information efficiency. Various exemplary embodiments are also presented to highlight the applications benefiting from the disclosed methods and devices.

Abstract: A receiver, transmitter, and photon counting detector for use in an optical communication link are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of communicating using the transmitter, the receiver, and the photon detector.

Abstract: A receiver, transmitter, and photon counting detector for use in an optical communication link are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of communicating using the transmitter, the receiver, and the photon detector.

Abstract: A receiver, transmitter, and photon counting detector for use in an optical communication link are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of communicating using the transmitter, the receiver, and the photon detector.

Abstract: A receiver, transmitter, and photon counting detector for use in an optical communication link are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of communicating using the transmitter, the receiver, and the photon detector.

Abstract: A photon detector article includes a photon detector configured to receive a primary waveform, the photon detector includes a multiplication region; a photon absorption region; a punch through voltage range; and a breakdown voltage; a source in electrical communication with the photon detector and configured to provide the primary waveform that includes a first voltage that is: less than a maximum value of the punch through voltage range, or effective to maintain a charge carrier in the absorption region; and a second voltage that is greater than the breakdown voltage; and a reference member in electrical communication with the source and configured to provide a reference waveform in response to receiving the primary waveform.

Abstract: A photon detector article includes a photon detector configured to receive a primary waveform, the photon detector includes a multiplication region; a photon absorption region; a punch through voltage range; and a breakdown voltage; a source in electrical communication with the photon detector and configured to provide the primary waveform that includes a first voltage that is: less than a maximum value of the punch through voltage range, or effective to maintain a charge carrier in the absorption region; and a second voltage that is greater than the breakdown voltage; and a reference member in electrical communication with the source and configured to provide a reference waveform in response to receiving the primary waveform.

Abstract: A tool for use when laying out lines on stair stringers or roof rafters along which cuts are to be made. The step and rafter tool includes a framing square, an angle bracket and two carriage bolts with washers and wingnuts. Each leg of the framing square has a longitudinal slot which is about 90% of the length of the leg. The angle bracket has two central longitudinal slots in the first flange, each of which is about 40% of the length of the angle bracket. The angle bracket is positioned against the framing square so that two carriage bolts are place within holes formed by the overlapping slots of the bracket and square with washers and wingnuts assembled therein. With the wingnuts loose, the angle bracket can be positioned wherever is desired with respect to the framing square and then the wingnuts are tightened.

Abstract: A tool for use when laying out lines on stair stringers or roof rafters along which cuts are to be made. The step and rafter tool includes a framing square, an angle bracket and two carriage bolts with washers and wingnuts. Each leg of the framing square has a longitudinal slot which is about 90% of the length of the leg. The angle bracket has two central longitudinal slots in the first flange, each of which is about 40% of the length of the angle bracket. The angle bracket is positioned against the framing square so that two carriage bolts are place within holes formed by the overlapping slots of the bracket and square with washers and wingnuts assembled therein. With the wingnuts loose, the angle bracket can be positioned wherever is desired with respect to the framing square and then the wingnuts are tightened.

Abstract: An energy-resolving x-ray detector for soft x-rays produced by elements having atomic numbers ranging from 9 to 23.

Abstract: An energy-resolving x-ray detector for soft x-rays produced by elements having atomic numbers ranging from 9 to 23 includes a charge-coupled integrated circuit radiation detector device having an array of collection regions in a parallel plurality of collection shift registers forming columns of the array; an output amplifier for sequentially amplifying and signalling the charges received by the collection shift register; and a row shift register connected between the collection shift registers and the output amplifier; and a clock circuit having a multi-phase column output connected for sequentially shifting charges between collection regions of the collection shift register and into the row shift register during continuous exposure of the array to incoming radiation, each of the charges received by the output amplifier being sequentially accumulated in each of the collection regions of one collection shift register in response to the radiation, the clock circuit also having a multi-phase row output connecte