Abstract: A method of formulating a fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines includes the step of providing a fuel. In addition, there is the step of forming the fuel composition by adding to the fuel a polar fluid and an emulsifier. The emulsifier is present in an amount effective for the biodiesel fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier to form an emulsion. The emulsifier includes an active surfactant mixture of oleic acid and ammonium oleate, wherein the ratio of oleic acid to ammonium oleate is no more than 60:40.

Abstract: A blendstock for forming a fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines, includes a polar fluid component, a microblender component, and a neutralizer component. The neutralizer component is present in an amount effective to substantially neutralize the microblender component to allow for the microblender component to substantially spontaneously blend with the polar fluid component. The polar fluid component may include a water component and an alcohol component, and the neutralizer component may include an ammonia component. The blendstock may be added to a hydrocarbon fuel, such as diesel fuel, to form the fuel composition.

Abstract: A blendstock for forming a fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines, includes a polar fluid component, a microblender component, and a neutralizer component. The neutralizer component is present in an amount effective to substantially neutralize the microblender component to allow for the microblender component to substantially spontaneously blend with the polar fluid component. The polar fluid component may include a water component and an alcohol component, and the neutralizer component may include an ammonia component. The blendstock may be added to a hydrocarbon fuel, such as diesel fuel, to form the fuel composition.

Abstract: A method of formulating a fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines includes the step of providing a fuel. In addition, there is the step of forming the fuel composition by adding to the fuel a polar fluid and an emulsifier. The emulsifier is present in an amount effective for the biodiesel fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier to form an emulsion. The emulsifier includes an active surfactant mixture of oleic acid and ammonium oleate, wherein the ratio of oleic acid to ammonium oleate is no more than 60:40.

Abstract: A fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines has an alcohol component, a water component, and a cetane-enhancer component. An anhydrous emulsifier component may be either a glyceryl monooleate or ammonium oleate, and is present in an amount effective for the fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier components to form an emulsion. The fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier components are present in amounts effective to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides by a threshold amount upon combustion of the fuel composition, relative to fuel alone.

Abstract: A biodiesel or diesel composition for use in internal-combustion engines has an alcohol component, a water component, and a cetane-enhancer component. An anhydrous emulsifier component may be either a glyceryl monooleate or ammonium oleate, and is present in an amount effective for the fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier components to form an emulsion. The fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier components are present in amounts effective to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides by a threshold amount upon combustion of the fuel composition, relative to fuel alone.

Abstract: A method of formulating a fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines includes the step of providing a fuel. In addition, there is the step of forming the fuel composition by adding to the fuel a polar fluid and an emulsifier. The emulsifier is present in an amount effective for the biodiesel fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier to form an emulsion. The emulsifier includes an active surfactant mixture of oleic acid and ammonium oleate, wherein the ratio of oleic acid to ammonium oleate is no more than 60:40.

Abstract: Enol acetylation is carried out on a variety of 1,4,6-trien-3-ones to form 1,3,5,7 tetraene structures from which 1.alpha.-hydroxy-7-dehydro steroids are obtained.The compounds are intermediates used in the preparation of vitamin D.sub.3 metabolites such as 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 and 1.alpha.-hydroxyvitamin D.sub.3.