Abstract: Methods and compositions useful for inducing a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response (CTL) in a human or domesticated or agriculturally important animal. The method includes the steps of providing the antigen to which the CTL response is desired and providing an antigen formulation which comprises, consists, or consists essentially of two or more of a stabilizing detergent, a micelle-forming agent, and an oil. This antigen formulation is preferably lacking in an immunostimulating peptide component, or has sufficiently low levels of such a component that the desired CTL response is not diminished. This formulation is provided as a stable oil-in-water emulsion.

Abstract: Methods and compositions useful for inducing a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response (CTL) in a human or domesticated or agriculturally important animal. The method includes the steps of providing the antigen to which the CTL response is desired and providing an antigen formulation which comprises, consists, or consists essentially of two or more of a stabilizing detergent, a micelle-forming agent, and an oil. This antigen formulation is preferably lacking in an immunostimulating peptide component, or has sufficiently low levels of such a component that the desired CTL response is not diminished. This formulation is provided as a stable oil-in-water emulsion.

Abstract: Methods and compositions useful for inducing a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response (CTL) in a human or domesticated or agriculturally important animal. The method includes the steps of providing the antigen to which the CTL response is desired and providing an antigen formulation which comprises, consists, or consists essentially of two or more of a stabilizing detergent, a micelle-forming agent, and an oil. This antigen formulation is preferably lacking in an immunostimulating peptide component, or has sufficiently low levels of such a component that the desired CTL response is not diminished. This formulation is provided as a stable oil-in-water emulsion.

Abstract: Methods for producing ascorbic acid using recombinant means comprising the transfer of genetic material by conjugation, a host cell lacking, entirely or to such an extent as not to be commercially useful, one or more enzymes in the metabolic path converting glucose to 2 keto-L-gulonic acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG) from 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (2,5-DKG) using a DNA sequence encoding 2,5-DKG reductase. The 2-KLG is a precursor for the synthesis of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C).

Abstract: 2-keto-L-gluonic acid (2-KLG) is prepared from 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (2,5-DKG) using a microorganism containing the enzyme 2,5-DKG reductase produced by an expression plasmid encoding a gene for the enzyme. The product, 2-KLG is a precursor for the synthesis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

Abstract: Recombinant plasmids containing the gene encoding 2,5-diketogluconic acid reductase are prepared and used to transform microorganisms. 2,5,DKG reductase is expressed by the microorganisms.