Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to a control system (100), to a system, a vehicle (1), a method and to computer readable instructions. According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a control system (100) for controlling a combined torque intervention of two actuators (24, 26) to a transmission system of a vehicle (1). The control system (100) comprising one or more processors (110), the one or more processors (110) collectively configured to: receive a gear change signal (165) that is indicative of a requirement to perform a gearshift. The one or more processors (110) are also configured receive one or more input parameters (166). The one or more processors (110) in dependence on the one or more input parameters (166), determine a timing delay (td) for a torque intervention signal that requests part of the combined torque intervention from a first one of the two actuators (24, 26).

Abstract: A control system for controlling a powertrain system of a hybrid vehicle includes one or more processors configured to receive a first input signal indicative of one or more operating conditions of the vehicle, wherein the one or more operating conditions include an available battery power of the electric traction motor; determine, in dependence on the first input signal, whether to reserve a first portion of a power capability of the electric traction motor for use in performing an engine start; and output a control signal to the powertrain system to withhold the first portion of the power capability from use in delivering power to a drivetrain of the vehicle in accordance with the determination, and to make available a second portion of the power capability for delivering power to the drivetrain of the vehicle.

Abstract: A hybrid powertrain system is operable in a plurality of powertrain operating modes each having an associated set of powertrain control parameter values. The hybrid powertrain system includes an engine and an electric traction motor. The control system includes one or more controllers collectively configured to determine that the hybrid powertrain system is simultaneously operating in two or more of the plurality of powertrain operating modes; determine, based on a predetermined prioritisation index of the plurality of powertrain operating modes, which of the two or more simultaneously operating powertrain operating modes has a highest priority; and control at least one of the engine and electric traction motor via the one or more controllers based on the set of powertrain control parameter values associated with the highest priority powertrain operating mode.

Abstract: A control system for controlling an engine start of a hybrid vehicle includes one or more processors configured to receive a first input signal indicating that a vehicle mode has been selected in which the use of an electric traction motor as a sole source of motive power is prioritised; receive a power demand signal indicative of a power request; receive an engine start signal indicating that an engine start is required; determine, in dependence on the power demand signal and engine start signal, whether the power request is below a power threshold of the electric traction motor; and output a control signal to the powertrain system to perform the engine start using a starter motor if the power request exceeds the power threshold, and to perform the engine start using the electric traction motor if the power request is below the power threshold.

Abstract: A control system for determining when to start an internal combustion engine of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle having an electric motor connected to a wheel axle of the vehicle through a transmission of the vehicle includes one or more controllers and is configured to receive a signal indicative of a current wheel torque demand; compare the current wheel torque demand to a torque reference to generate a comparison result, wherein the torque reference is based on a decay-based approximation of an actual maximum electric motor wheel torque capacity across states of the transmission; and output an engine start signal in dependence on the comparison result.

Abstract: A control system for controlling electrical power consumption from energy storage means by a traction motor of a vehicle caused by a wheel slip event includes: one or more electronic controllers configured to: receive a torque request for the traction motor; determine a current known prevailing speed value of the traction motor; determine a maximum allowable increase in speed of the traction motor of to occur during a latency period associated with the prevailing speed value of the current known speed of the traction motor; determine an electrical power consumption limit in dependence on the torque request, the current known prevailing speed value of the traction motor of the vehicle and the maximum allowable increase in speed of the traction motor; and control torque provision of the traction motor in dependence on the torque request and the electrical power consumption limit.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is described herein. The semiconductor device generally includes a metal fabrication layer disposed on a substrate. The semiconductor device generally includes a dielectric layer having a first plurality of vias aligned with a first metallization region of the metal fabrication layer and a second plurality of vias aligned with a second metallization region of the metal fabrication layer, the dielectric layer disposed on top of the metal fabrication layer. The semiconductor device generally includes a metal layer disposed on the dielectric layer and having a plurality of metal routings, each of the metal regions disposed over both the first metallization region and the second metallization region, each of the plurality of metal routings have a same width. The semiconductor device generally includes an insulation layer disposed on the metal layer, the insulation layer having a plurality of openings to the metal routings of the metal layer.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to a method and to a control system for maintaining multi-axle drive capability in a vehicle, the method comprising: operating an internal combustion engine to provide a torque to a first axle of the vehicle, and to a first electric machine to generate electrical power; controlling the generation of electrical power by the first electric machine in dependence on a requirement for torque at a second axle of the vehicle; and operating a second electric machine to receive the electrical power generated by the first electric machine and provide the torque to the second axle.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is described herein. The semiconductor device generally includes a metal fabrication layer disposed on a substrate. The semiconductor device generally includes a dielectric layer having a first plurality of vias aligned with a first metallization region of the metal fabrication layer and a second plurality of vias aligned with a second metallization region of the metal fabrication layer, the dielectric layer disposed on top of the metal fabrication layer. The semiconductor device generally includes a metal layer disposed on the dielectric layer and having a plurality of metal routings, each of the metal regions disposed over both the first metallization region and the second metallization region, each of the plurality of metal routings have a same width. The semiconductor device generally includes an insulation layer disposed on the metal layer, the insulation layer having a plurality of openings to the metal routings of the metal layer.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to method and to a control system for compensating for variable inertia in a vehicle powertrain, the method comprising: determining whether a torque source is coupled to a wheel; and applying a torque change in dependence on angular acceleration associated with the torque source, in dependence on whether the torque source is coupled to the wheel.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to a method and to a control system for a vehicle, the method comprising: receiving a torque request for an internal combustion engine configured to mechanically couple to a first axle of the vehicle; determining a shortfall relative to the torque request, dependent on torque providable by the engine; and providing an output to control an electric machine to provide a compensation torque configured to compensate for the shortfall, wherein the electric machine is mechanically coupled to a second axle of the vehicle.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is described herein. The semiconductor device generally includes a metal fabrication layer disposed on a substrate. The semiconductor device generally includes a dielectric layer having a first plurality of vias aligned with a first metallization region of the metal fabrication layer and a second plurality of vias aligned with a second metallization region of the metal fabrication layer, the dielectric layer disposed on top of the metal fabrication layer. The semiconductor device generally includes a metal layer disposed on the dielectric layer and having a plurality of metal routings, each of the metal regions disposed over both the first metallization region and the second metallization region, each of the plurality of metal routings have a same width. The semiconductor device generally includes an insulation layer disposed on the metal layer, the insulation layer having a plurality of openings to the metal routings of the metal layer.

Abstract: A system for efficiently and ergonomically waterproofing a weakness area of a roof. The system includes an airless sprayer system capable of attaching to one or more attachments. The airless sprayer system is connected to a reservoir containing a waterproofing liquid. The attachments include an encapsulating attachment and a duckbilled attachment, either attachment capable of connecting to an extending wand. The system may be used atop a roof by either placing the encapsulating attachment over a fastener or the duckbilled end over a seam and pulling the trigger of a spray gun of the airless sprayer system until either the fastener or seam are sufficiently covered in waterproofing liquid. By connecting the wand therebetween the spray gun and the attachment, the user of the system may be able to remain standing when applying the waterproofing liquid. A method for efficiently and ergonomically waterproofing a roof weakness using the system.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to a control module (15) for a vehicle powertrain. The powertrain comprises a transmission (14), an engine (12) and an electric machine (16). The control module (15) is configured to receive an input indicative of a requested upshift and in response to the received signal the control module (15) increases the torque output of the engine (12) prior to the start of the torque phase (20). As the torque output of the engine (12) increases the control module (15) decreases the torque output of the electric machine (16) such that a constant wheel torque is applied to the wheels (18) during the torque phase (20) of the upshift.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to a method and to a control system for a vehicle, the method comprising: determining that a trigger condition is satisfied, wherein satisfaction of the trigger condition is dependent on a vehicle speed of the vehicle relative to at least one threshold speed, the at least one threshold speed having a value corresponding to is vehicle speed no greater than four metres per second; and based at least on the determination, controlling when a mode change between a first operating mode and a second operating mode is performed, wherein in the first operating mode the internal combustion engine is in a disconnected state not configured to provide tractive torque, and an electric machine is configured to provide tractive torque, and wherein in the second operating mode at least the internal combustion engine is in a connected state configured to provide tractive torque.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to a method and to a control system for a vehicle, the method comprising: receiving a torque request for an internal combustion engine configured to mechanically couple to a first axle of the vehicle; determining a shortfall relative to the torque request, dependent on torque providable by the engine; and providing an output to control an electric machine to provide a compensation torque configured to compensate for the shortfall, wherein the electric machine is mechanically coupled to a second axle of the vehicle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a control system for compensating for variable inertia in a vehicle powertrain, the method comprising: determining (404) whether a torque source (202) is coupled to a wheel (FL, FR), and applying (408, 410) a torque change in dependence on angular acceleration associated with the torque source (202), in dependence on whether the torque source is coupled to the wheel. The present invention further relates to a corresponding method, vehicle, system and computer software.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to a method and to a control system for maintaining multi-axle drive capability in a vehicle, the method comprising: operating an internal combustion engine to provide a torque to a first axle of the vehicle, and to a first electric machine to generate electrical power; controlling the generation of electrical power by the first electric machine in dependence on a requirement for torque at a second axle of the vehicle; and operating a second electric machine to receive the electrical power generated by the first electric machine and provide the torque to the second axle.

Abstract: A control system for controlling electrical power consumption from energy storage means by a traction motor of a vehicle caused by a wheel slip event includes: one or more electronic controllers configured to: receive a torque request for the traction motor; determine a current known prevailing speed value of the traction motor; determine a maximum allowable increase in speed of the traction motor of to occur during a latency period associated with the prevailing speed value of the current known speed of the traction motor; determine an electrical power consumption limit in dependence on the torque request, the current known prevailing speed value of the traction motor of the vehicle and the maximum allowable increase in speed of the traction motor; and control torque provision of the traction motor in dependence on the torque request and the electrical power consumption limit.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to a control system 12, method 400 and computer program 31 for controlling torque provided by a belt integrated starter generator 14 of a vehicle 10, the control system 12 comprising one or more electronic controllers 18, the one or more electronic controllers configured to: determine a change in torque to be provided by the belt integrated starter generator 14 according to a torque request 54; determine that the change in torque will cause the belt integrated starter generator 14 to enter a torque reversal region 51; and generate and output to the belt integrated starter generator 14 an altered torque request 56 within the torque reversal region 51, wherein the altered torque request 56 is generated and output to the belt integrated starter generator 14 when the torque request 54 would result in a reduction in the amount of torque provided by the belt integrated starter generator and when the torque request would result in an increase in the amount of torque provided b