Abstract: Methods and devices are provided for separation of magnetic particles and/or magnetic-associated substances from non-magnetic associated substances and media. The methods are specifically applicable to biological separation, and utilize a phase phenomenon arising from mutual interactions between suspended magnetic particles and interactions with the suspension medium. The phenomenon is exploited to produce and maintain a distinct, structured phase of magnetic particles, or ferrophase, within a multi-phase liquid system. A ferrophase is established within a separation chamber prior to introducing therein a test sample containing the target substances to be separated. The formation of a ferrophase is used to transport target substances from regions of relatively low magnetic field gradient to regions of relatively high magnetic field gradient within a high-gradient magnetic separation apparatus.

Abstract: A billing system for use in a telephone signaling network. The network comprising offices through which telephone calls can be routed, each office being owned by a telephone company that participates in the network. Each office includes a signaling point (SP) that includes means for formulating message signaling units (MSUs). An MSU may comprise a query requesting a call data pertinent to a particular call, for example, for verifying the validity of a credit card number. The network also includes signal transfer points (STPs) for receiving and routing the MSUs, and plurality of service control points (SCPs), each SCP being linked to one of the STPs. Each SCP comprises a database that includes call data provided by one or more of the participating telephone companies. The billing system of the invention includes means for capturing at least a portion of the MSUs received by one or more STPs. The billing system processes the MSUs to produce usage data that indicates service recipients and service providers.