Abstract: A device and process for using the device are provided for the production of commodity chemicals by biological methods which require the addition of reducing equivalents. The device allows operating conditions to be conveniently altered to achieve maximal electrochemical efficiencies for a given biologically mediated redox reaction, series of reactions, or fermentation process.

Abstract: A faulted circuit indicator (FCI) device for installation on a power line includes a housing, a laminate structure fastened to the housing and configured to receive the power line, and a clamp mechanism pivotally fastened to the housing and configured to secure the housing to the power line. The clamp mechanism includes a pair of opposing clamp arms each having a curved configuration. The curved configuration of the clamp arms maintains the power line in a centered relationship within the laminate structure when the clamp arms are engaged on the power line over a range of power line diameters.

Abstract: A faulted circuit indicator includes a microprocessor or discrete logic to determine a fault condition and initiate one or more fault indications, a super capacitor, a battery, and power supply circuitry for providing power to the microprocessor and one or more fault indicators. The power supply circuitry: inductively receives energy from a power line; determines whether an induced voltage is sufficient to power one or more functions of the FCI device; and if not, determines whether available voltage from the super capacitor is sufficient to power the one or more functions of the FCI device. If so, the power supply circuitry draws voltage from the super capacitor and, if not, the power supply circuitry draws voltage from the battery when it is determined that the available voltage from the super capacitor is not sufficient to power the one or more functions of the FCI device.

Abstract: A faulted circuit indicator (FCI) may use a multiple coil configuration to improve measurements of current flowing through a power line. The FCI may include a fault alert module and a sensor configured to measure a current flowing within a power line based on a first inductive coupling with the power line. The FCI may further include a power supply configured to provide at least one supply voltage based on a second inductive coupling with the power line. The FCI may include a detector/controller module coupled to the fault alert module, sensor, and power supply. The detector/controller may be configured to monitor measurements provided by the sensor, and provide a warning signal to the fault alert module when a fault condition in the power line is detected.

Abstract: A gateway may be configured to synchronize transmissions of a plurality of faulted circuit indicators (FCIs). The gateway may determine a time delay from a zero crossing of a power line signal and obtain network information from the at least one FCI from the plurality of FCIs. The gateway may identify a proximate FCI that is closest to a gateway based on at least one link parameter, and assign the determined time delay to the proximate FCI. The gateway may receive confirmations that at least one FCI received the determined time delay, and has synchronized transmissions based on the determined time delay and the zero crossings of the power signal.

Abstract: A gateway may be configured to synchronize transmissions of a plurality of faulted circuit indicators (FCIs). The gateway may determine a time delay from a zero crossing of a power line signal and obtain network information from the at least one FCI from the plurality of FCIs. The gateway may identify a proximate FCI that is closest to a gateway based on at least one link parameter, and assign the determined time delay to the proximate FCI. The gateway may receive confirmations that at least one FCI received the determined time delay, and has synchronized transmissions based on the determined time delay and the zero crossings of the power signal.

Abstract: A faulted circuit indicator includes a microprocessor or discrete logic to determine a fault condition and initiate one or more fault indications, a super capacitor, a battery, and power supply circuitry for providing power to the microprocessor and one or more fault indicators. The power supply circuitry: inductively receives energy from a power line; determines whether an induced voltage is sufficient to power one or more functions of the FCI device; and if not, determines whether available voltage from the super capacitor is sufficient to power the one or more functions of the FCI device. If so, the power supply circuitry draws voltage from the super capacitor and, if not, the power supply circuitry draws voltage from the battery when it is determined that the available voltage from the super capacitor is not sufficient to power the one or more functions of the FCI device.

Abstract: A faulted circuit indicator (FCI) device for installation on a power line includes a housing, a laminate structure fastened to the housing and configured to receive the power line, and a clamp mechanism pivotally fastened to the housing and configured to secure the housing to the power line. The clamp mechanism includes a pair of opposing clamp arms each having a curved configuration. The curved configuration of the clamp arms maintains the power line in a centered relationship within the laminate structure when the clamp arms are engaged on the power line over a range of power line diameters.