Abstract: The system and method involve a permanent magnetization induction process for ferromagnetic structures, carried out to the saturation point to overwhelm the intrinsic magnetic fields in the structures. The permanent magnetization to overwhelm the intrinsic magnetization eliminates the effect of intrinsic fields for subsequent measurements. The permanent magnetization along a hollow structure yields two residual magnetic field components: axial and circumferential. The circumferential component varies as a function of depth. Thus, an analysis system can analyze defects and the depth of those defects by detecting the direction of the magnetic flux leakage around the defects. This can further be performed at a distance from the structures.

Abstract: The system and method involve a permanent magnetization induction process for ferromagnetic structures, carried out to the saturation point to overwhelm the intrinsic magnetic fields in the structures. The permanent magnetization to overwhelm the intrinsic magnetization eliminates the effect of intrinsic fields for subsequent measurements. The permanent magnetization along a hollow structure yields two residual magnetic field components: axial and circumferential. The circumferential component varies as a function of depth. Thus, an analysis system can analyze defects and the depth of those defects by detecting the direction of the magnetic flux leakage around the defects. This can further be performed at a distance from the structures.

Abstract: Defects in ferromagnetic materials are detected and characterized by analyzing the items' magnetic fields to find portions of the magnetic fields that differ in characteristic ways from residual magnetic fields generated by non-defective portions of the items. The portions of the magnetic fields that differ in the characteristic ways correspond to locations of the defects. The residual magnetic fields correspond to portions of the items distant from the defects. The defect characterization may include volume of material lost due to each defect and/or width and/or depth of each defect.

Abstract: Defects in ferromagnetic materials are detected and characterized by analyzing the items' magnetic fields to find portions of the magnetic fields that differ in characteristic ways from residual magnetic fields generated by non-defective portions of the items. The portions of the magnetic fields that differ in the characteristic ways correspond to locations of the defects. The residual magnetic fields correspond to portions of the items distant from the defects. The defect characterization may include volume of material lost due to each defect and/or width and/or depth of each defect.

Abstract: Defects in ferromagnetic materials are detected and characterized by analyzing the items' magnetic fields to find portions of the magnetic fields that differ in characteristic ways from residual magnetic fields generated by non-defective portions of the items. The portions of the magnetic fields that differ in the characteristic ways correspond to locations of the defects. The residual magnetic fields correspond to portions of the items distant from the defects. The defect characterization may include volume of material lost due to each defect and/or width and/or depth of each defect.

Abstract: Defects in ferromagnetic materials are detected and characterized by analyzing the items' magnetic fields to find portions of the magnetic fields that differ in characteristic ways from residual magnetic fields generated by non-defective portions of the items. The portions of the magnetic fields that differ in the characteristic ways correspond to locations of the defects. The residual magnetic fields correspond to portions of the items distant from the defects. The defect characterization may include volume of material lost due to each defect and/or width and/or depth of each defect.