Abstract: Combustion charge compositions comprised of a gasoline-like fuel and air for use in spark ignited internal combustion engines and methods to reduce global warming are described.

Abstract: Methods of using mixtures containing gasoline type fuels composed primarily of hydrocarbon volatiles falling in a C4-C10 range in a spark ignited internal combustion engine are described.

Abstract: A fast burning, gasoline type composition for spark ignited internal combustion engines having a ASTM D-86, 90% distillation temperature of 310° F. or less and an octane number (R+M)/2 of 82 or less that can be used with a reduced spark advance in the engines to effect a reduction in NOx exhaust emissions. Also disclosed is a gasoline having low octane (82-87) which can be used interchangeably in engines having a reduced spark advance and in engines having conventional spark advance.

Abstract: A fast burning, gasoline type composition for spark ignited internal combustion engines having a ASTM D-86, 90% distillation temperature of 310.degree. F. or less and an octane number (R+M)/2 of 80 or less that can be used with a reduced spark advance in the engines to effect a reduction in NOx exhaust emissions.

Abstract: A liquid hydrocarbon gasoline is provided by removing both the volatile and non-volatile components from C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 gasoline to yield either a C.sub.6 -C.sub.9 or a C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 intermediate gasoline. The intermediate gasoline of this invention can be combusted in a standard carbureted engine with less C.sub.4 and/or C.sub.5 priming than in required in standard C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 gasoline, and thus provides adequate cold engine starting ability with lower Reid Vapor Pressure. The C.sub.6 -C.sub.9 and C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 fuel can be combusted in a modified engine without any priming by gasifying the fuel. The fuel is gasified by heating it in a chamber in the absence of air; mixing the gas with air and then combusting the mixture. The gasified fuel is advantageous because it doesn't condense into droplets and thereby is combusted more completely in the gaseous state enhancing combustion efficiency.

Abstract: A liquid hydrocarbon gasoline is provided by removing both the volatile and non-volatile components from C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 gasoline to yield either a C.sub.6 -C.sub.9 or C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 intermediate gasoline. The intermediate gasoline of this invention can be combusted in a standard carbureted engine with less C.sub.4 and/or C.sub.5 priming than is required in standard C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 gasoline, and thus provides adequate cold engine starting ability with lower Reid Vapor Pressure. The C.sub.6 -C.sub.9 and C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 fuel can be combusted in a modified engine without any priming by gasifying the fuel. The fuel is gasified by heating it in a chamber in the absence of air; mixing the gas with air and then combusting the mixture. The gasified fuel is advantageous because it doesn't condense into droplets and thereby is combusted more completely in the gaseous state enhancing combustion efficiency.

Abstract: A liquid hydrocarbon gasoline is provided by removing both the volatile and non-volatile components from C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 gasoline to yield either a C.sub.6 -C.sub.9 or a C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 intermediate gasoline. The intermediate gasoline of this invention can be combusted in a standard carbureted engine with less C.sub.4 and/or C.sub.5 priming than in required in standard C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 gasoline, and thus provides adequate cold engine starting ability with lower Reid Vapor Pressure. The C.sub.6 -C.sub.9 and C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 fuel can be combusted in a modified engine without any priming by gasifying the fuel. The fuel is gasified by heating it in a chamber in the absence of air; mixing the gas with air and then combusting the mixture. The gasified fuel is advantageous because it doesn't condense into droplets and thereby is combusted more completely in the gaseous state enhancing combustion efficiency.

Abstract: Insulated construction elements are made by bonding a pair of wood planks to an intermediate expanded foam layer to form a composite assembly which is thereafter divided longitudinally into a plurality of individual elements which may be utilized separately or in a prefabricated panel assembly for constructing the walls, floors and ceilings of a building.

Abstract: A system for modifying and utilizing hydrocarbon fuels in the operation of internal combustion engines wherein increased fuel efficiency and reduction in amount of polluting products of combustion produced are realized. Hydrocarbon fuels normally entirely consumed in the operation of internal combustion engines are modified by separating lighter, highly volatile fractions of a paraffinic and ultrafast burning nature from the fuels and utilizing substantially only the lighter fractions for fueling the internal combustion engine, with the heavier fractions being stored separately from the original hydrocarbon fuel source. The lighter fractions permit operating the engine with a lean fuel mixture having a higher than stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio, thereby better accommodating the characteristic intermittent fuel demand of the operator, reducing the production of undesirable nitrogen oxides, permitting the engine to operate at reduced operating temperatures and prolonging the useful life of engine components.