Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for producing an RNAi resistant insect pest species colony from an insect pest species isolated from an agricultural field. The invention is also directed to methods for determining the inheritance of resistance to the RNAi and determining the allele frequency of resistance in an agricultural field.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a paint brush cleaner including an open ended cover (10) into which a paint brush (B) can be inserted handle end first. A connector (13) is provided for connection to a source of cleaning fluid. The paint brush cleaner is also provided with means for directing cleaning fluid from the connector (13) into the interior of the cover (10). In use, cleaning fluid can flow over the bristles of a brush (B) from the handle end thereof. The present invention also relates to a method of cleaning a brush.

Abstract: The present invention relates in part to a tobacco chloroplast transformation vector effective for stably transforming a tobacco plant to express a multi-gene operon.

Abstract: The subject invention relates in part to tobacco chloroplast transformation vectors comprising a multi-gene operon that generates a polycistron that encodes a biopharmaceutical protein and a chaperonin.

Abstract: Introducing blocks of foreign genes in a single operon would avoid complications such as position effect and gene silencing inherent in putting one gene at a time into random locations in the nuclear genome. Cloning several genes into a single T-DNA does not avoid the compounded variable expression problem encountered in nuclear transgenic plants. This disclosure shows that a bacterial operon can be expressed in a single integration event as opposed to multiple events requiring several years to accomplish. Expression of multiple genes via a single transformation event opens the possibility of expressing foreign pathways or pharmaceutical proteins involving multiple genes. Expressing the Cry2aA2 operon, including a putative chaperonin to aid in protein folding, in the chloroplast via a single transformation event leads to production of crystalized insecticidal proteins.

Abstract: Introducing blocks of foreign genes in a single operon would avoid complications such as position effect and gene silencing inherent in putting one gene at a time into random locations in the nuclear genome. Cloning several genes into a single T-DNA does not avoid the compounded variable expression problem encountered in nuclear transgenic plants. This disclosure shows that a bacterial operon can be expressed in a single integration event as opposed to multiple events requiring several years to accomplish. Expression of multiple genes via a single transformation event opens the possibility of expressing foreign pathways or pharmaceutical proteins involving multiple genes. Expressing the Cry2aA2 operon, including a putative chaperonin to aid in protein folding, in the chloroplast via a single transformation event leads to production of crystalized insecticidal proteins. Expressing the Mer operon via a single transformation event leads to a phytoremediation system.