Abstract: An x-ray diffraction crystal for the analysis of x-rays comprisng at least two insoluble monolayers of (i) a first divalent metal soap, separated by (ii) at least one monolayer of either a fatty acid alone, or of a second divalent metal soap, the second metal having a lower atomic number than the first metal.Such crystals are formed by alternately raising and lowering a solid substrate through the monolayer-covered liquid surfaces of the first divalent metal cation soap monolayer, and the second divalent metal cation soap monolayer or fatty acid monolayer.

Abstract: An x-ray diffraction crystal for the analysis of x-rays having a wave-length of 50 Angstroms or greater comprising at least two insoluble monolayers of fatty acids in the form of metal soaps, separated by monolayer pairs of differing metal cation - metal soap or non-cation soaps.Such crystals are formed by alternately raising and lowering a solid substrate through the monolayer-covered liquid surfaces of a bivalent heavy element cation and a bivalent light element cation or cation deleted monolayer.

Abstract: A detector for ionizing radiation comprising a generally cylindrical enclosure which contains an ionizable gas, a central wire which with a peripheral wall constitute the electrodes of the device, and a window to permit entry of ionizing radiation. With appropriate potentials applied to the central wire and peripheral wall, ionizing radiation produces electrons which are attracted to the central wire and positive ions which are attracted to the peripheral wall in proportion to the intensity of the radiation. One or more auxiliary electrodes are provided which extend parallel to and between the central electrode and the peripheral wall. An appropriate potential is applied to this auxiliary electrode to neutralize the positive ions.