Abstract: A method and composition for reducing ammonia emissions from non-acidic residue from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, such residue containing ammonium salts or absorbed ammonia, is presented, the method comprising applying to the residue either a physical barrier composition, a chemical barrier composition, or both, under conditions effective to reduce the emission of ammonia from the residue.

Abstract: A process is presented for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises introducing a first treatment agent into the effluent at a first temperature zone to reduce the concentration of a first pollutant and introducing a second treatment agent into the effluent at a second temperature zone to reduce the concentration of either the first pollutant or a second pollutant, wherein the first and second treatment agents are introduced under conditions effective to reduce the effluent pollution index.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel while minimizing the production of other pollutants is presented. The process comprises introducing (most commonly by injecting) a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agent into an effluent according to a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment regimen under conditions such that the treatment agent is operating on the high temperature or right side of its nitrogen oxides reduction versus effluent temperature curve, especially on the high temperature or right side of the curve plateau.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel while minimizing the production of other pollutants is presented. The process comprises introducing a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agent comprising an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1 into an effluent according to a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment regimen under condition such that the treatment agent is operating on the high temperature or right side of its nitrogen oxides reduction versus effluent temperature curve, especially on the high temperature or right side of the curve plateau.

Abstract: A process is presented for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises injecting a treatment agent comprising a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen into an effluent under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel while minimizing the production of other pollutants is presented. The process comprises introducing a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agent comprising a hydrocarbon into an effluent at a temperature below about 1450.degree. F. according to a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment regimen under conditions such that the hydrocarbon treatment agent is operating on the high temperature or right side of its nitrogen oxides reduction versus effluent temperature curve, especially on the high temperature or right side of the curve plateau.

Abstract: A process is presented for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises injecting a treatment agent comprising sugar into an effluent under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: A process is presented for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises introducing a treatment agent which comprises an ammonium salt selected from the group consisting of triammonium citrate and ammonium formate into an effluent at an effluent temperature of below 1300.degree. F.

Abstract: A process is presented for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises introducing a treatment agent comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of five or six-membered heterocyclic hydrocarbons having at least on cyclic nitrogen into an effluent under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: A process is presented for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises injecting a first treatment agent into the effluent at a first temperature zone and injecting a second treatment agent into the effluent at a second temperature zone, wherein the first and second treatment agents are injected under conditions effective to reduce the effluent pollution index. At least one of the treatment agents comprises an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1.

Abstract: A process is presented for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises introducing a treatment agent comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of NH.sub.4 -lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, 2-furoci acid, 1,3 dioxolane, 1,4 dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, furfurylamine, furfurylalcohol, gluconic acid, citric acid, formic acid, n-butyl acetate, 1,3 butylene glycol, methylal, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, furan, fish oil, coumalic acid, furfuryl acetate, tetrahydrofuran 2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid, tetrahydrofurylamine, furylacrylic acid, tetrahydropyran, 2,5-furandimethanol, mannitol, hexamethylenediamine, barbituric acid, acetic anhydride, oxalic acid, mucic acid and d-galactose into an effluent under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: This invention presents a process for performing ammonia scrubbing. More particularly, the present invention comprises a process in which a non-nitrogenous treatment agent is introduced into the effluent so as to interact with ammonia present in the effluent under conditions effective to perform ammonia scrubbing, i.e., at least partially rid the effluent of ammonia.

Abstract: A method is presented for the selective gas-phase reduction of sulfur trioxide in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, the method comprising introducing a treatment agent comprising hydrogen peroxide or an oxygenated hydrocarbon having at least two carbon atoms into the effluent at an effluent temperature of no greater than about 1450.degree. F.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of the concentration of nitrogen oxides is in effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel is presented. The process comprises injecting a treatment agent comprising a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon into an effluent at an effluent temperature of greater than about 1300.degree. F. under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel while minimizing the production of other pollutants is presented. The process comprises introducing (most commonly by injecting) a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agent into an effluent according to a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment regimen under conditions such that the treatment agent is operating on the high temperature or right side of its nitrogen oxides reduction versus effluent temperature curve, especially on the high temperature or right side of the curve plateau.

Abstract: A process is presented for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises injecting a first treatment agent into the effluent at a first temperature zone and injecting a second treatment agent into the effluent at a second temperature zone, wherein the first and second treatment agents are injected under conditions effective to reduce the effluent pollution index.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides from an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel is presented. More particularly, this process comprises injecting into the effluent droplets of a mixture comprising ammonia and an enhancer selected from the group consisting of hexamethylenetetraamine, a lower carbon alcohol, sugar, furfural, furfural derivatives, a hydroxyl amino hydrocarbon, an amino acid, a protein-containing composition, mixtures of ortho-, meta-, and para-methyl phenols, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea, and mixtures thereof, under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: An improved liquefaction process wherein wall scale and particulate agglomeration during the liquefaction of solid carbonaceous materials containing alkaline earth metal humates is reduced and/or eliminated by subjecting the solid carbonaceous materials to controlled cyclic cavitation during liquefaction. It is important that the solid carbonaceous material be slurried in a suitable solvent or diluent during liquefaction. The cyclic cavitation may be imparted via pressure cycling, cyclic agitation and the like. When pressure cycling or the like is employed an amplitude equivalent to at least 25 psia is required to effectively remove scale from the liquefaction vessel walls.