Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for analyzing data include: receiving data including responses, and lack thereof, for items of a cognitive test including multiple item-recall trials; processing the data using a stochastic model of a cognitive process, in which a conditional probability distribution of future states of the cognitive process depend upon a present state; and encoding a result of the processing on a non-transitory computer-readable medium for use in an assessment related to cognition; wherein the processing using the stochastic model includes representing recall or recognition of an item in the multiple item-recall trials using distinct cognitive states; and wherein the processing using the stochastic model includes adjusting separate memory storage and retrieval parameters for each of the distinct cognitive states in the modeled cognitive process to account for position of the items in each respective trial of the multiple item-recall trials.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for analyzing data include: receiving data including responses, and lack thereof, for items of a cognitive test including multiple item-recall trials; processing the data using a stochastic model of a cognitive process, in which a conditional probability distribution of future states of the cognitive process depend upon a present state; and encoding a result of the processing on a non-transitory computer-readable medium for use in an assessment related to cognition; wherein the processing using the stochastic model includes representing recall or recognition of an item in the multiple item-recall trials using distinct cognitive states; and wherein the processing using the stochastic model includes adjusting separate memory storage and retrieval parameters for each of the distinct cognitive states in the modeled cognitive process to account for position of the items in each respective trial of the multiple item-recall trials.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for analyzing data include: receiving data including responses, and lack thereof, for items of a cognitive test including multiple item-recall trials; processing the data using a stochastic model of a cognitive process, in which a conditional probability distribution of future states of the cognitive process depend upon a present state; and encoding a result of the processing on a non-transitory computer-readable medium for use in an assessment related to cognition; wherein the processing using the stochastic model includes representing recall or recognition of an item in the multiple item-recall trials using distinct cognitive states; and wherein the processing using the stochastic model includes adjusting separate memory storage and retrieval parameters for each of the distinct cognitive states in the modeled cognitive process to account for position of the items in each respective trial of the multiple item-recall trials.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for analyzing data include: receiving data including a person's responses regarding judgments of semantic similarities between items selected from a group of items falling into a same categorical level; processing the data to determine a measure of distance within a generated representation of the person's responses regarding the judgments of semantic similarities; and generating a score of degree of cognitive impairment for the person based at least in part on the determined measure of distance within the generated representation.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for analyzing data include: receiving data including a person's responses regarding judgments of semantic similarities between items selected from a group of items falling into a same categorical level; processing the data to determine a measure of distance within a generated representation of the person's responses regarding the judgments of semantic similarities; and generating a score of degree of cognitive impairment for the person based at least in part on the determined measure of distance within the generated representation.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for analyzing data include: receiving data including responses, and lack thereof, for items of a cognitive test including multiple item-recall trials; processing the data using a stochastic model of a cognitive process, in which a conditional probability distribution of future states of the cognitive process depend upon a present state; and encoding a result of the processing on a non-transitory computer-readable medium for use in an assessment related to cognition; wherein the processing using the stochastic model includes representing recall or recognition of an item in the multiple item-recall trials using distinct cognitive states; and wherein the processing using the stochastic model includes adjusting separate memory storage and retrieval parameters for each of the distinct cognitive states in the modeled cognitive process to account for position of the items in each respective trial of the multiple item-recall trials.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for mapping cognitive to functional ability include receiving data regarding assessments of a cognitive ability and assessments of a functional ability; processing the received data to generate a map of one or more cognitive processes underlying the cognitive ability to a continuous-valued measure of the functional ability; and storing the generated map on a computer-storage medium to be used by a computer device in continuous-valued assessments of the functional ability.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for mapping cognitive to functional ability include receiving data regarding assessments of a cognitive ability and assessments of a functional ability; processing the received data to generate a map of one or more cognitive processes underlying the cognitive ability to a continuous-valued measure of the functional ability; and storing the generated map on a computer-storage medium to be used by a computer device in continuous-valued assessments of the functional ability.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for analyzing data include: receiving data regarding responses, and lack thereof, for items of a brain function test comprising at least one set of item responses; processing the data using a model that combines a brain function processing construct with hierarchical Bayesian analysis to measure differences among subsets of the data, wherein the brain function processing construct is a computer-based representation of neural or psychological processes underlying performance on the brain function test; and encoding a result of the processing on a computer-readable medium to supply the result to a computer device for use in an assessment related to the brain function test.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for detection of cheating on a cognitive test. In one aspect, a method includes receiving first information concerning a person, the first information specifying the person's responses, and lack thereof, for items of a cognitive test administered to the person, wherein the cognitive test includes multiple item-recall trials used to assess cognitive impairment; analyzing the first information using a classification algorithm trained on second information concerning a group of people to whom the cognitive test has been administered, the classification algorithm generated in accordance with a first part and a second part, the first part distinguishing between cheaters and non-cheaters, and the second part distinguishing between impaired cheaters and non-impaired cheaters; and identifying, based on the analyzing, the person as a cheater requiring a verification test to confirm an initial result of the cognitive test.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for creating a cognitive function index. In one aspect, a method includes receiving first information concerning a person, the first information specifying the person's responses, and lack thereof, for components of a cognitive test administered to the person; generating a cognitive function score for the person by comparing the first information with second information concerning a group of people to whom the cognitive test has been administered; converting the cognitive function score to a value in an index comprising a range of values, wherein a first portion of the range corresponds to a cognitively impaired zone, a second portion of the range corresponds to a cognitively normal zone, and a third portion of the range corresponds to a zone of uncertainty defined by a confidence interval centered on a mid-point of the index; and providing the indexed value for the person.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for detection of cheating on a cognitive test. In one aspect, a method includes receiving first information concerning a person, the first information specifying the person's responses, and lack thereof, for items of a cognitive test administered to the person, wherein the cognitive test includes multiple item-recall trials used to assess cognitive impairment; analyzing the first information using a classification algorithm trained on second information concerning a group of people to whom the cognitive test has been administered, the classification algorithm generated in accordance with a first part and a second part, the first part distinguishing between cheaters and non-cheaters, and the second part distinguishing between impaired cheaters and non-impaired cheaters; and identifying, based on the analyzing, the person as a cheater requiring a verification test to confirm an initial result of the cognitive test.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for creating an indication of brain condition include: receiving first information concerning a person, the first information indicating presence or absence of markers for an aspect of an assessment performed for the person, the aspect occurring at least twice at respective portions of the assessment; generating an indication of brain condition for the person by comparing the first information with second information concerning a group of people for whom the assessment has been performed, where the comparing includes checking a conditional probability of finding the marker present for the aspect of the assessment in one of the portions of the assessment when the marker is present for the aspect in another of the portions of the assessment; and outputting the indication of brain condition for the person.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for creating a cognitive function index. In one aspect, a method includes receiving first information concerning a person, the first information specifying the person's responses, and lack thereof, for components of a cognitive test administered to the person; generating a cognitive function score for the person by comparing the first information with second information concerning a group of people to whom the cognitive test has been administered; converting the cognitive function score to a value in an index comprising a range of values, wherein a first portion of the range corresponds to a cognitively impaired zone, a second portion of the range corresponds to a cognitively normal zone, and a third portion of the range corresponds to a zone of uncertainty defined by a confidence interval centered on a mid-point of the index; and providing the indexed value for the person.

Abstract: An expandable downhole tool for use in a drilling assembly positioned within a wellbore includes a tool body having an axial flowbore extending therethrough and a moveable arm. The moveable arm includes a roller structure including cutters and rotatably mounted on the moveable arm. The moveable arm is configured to move outwardly in response to actuation of the expandable downhole tool.

Abstract: A consumable liquid is orally drawn into a food product and absorbed by an internal structure of the product, before the product is consumed. The product includes a substantially non-porous coating covering its outer surface. In one embodiment, a channel provides fluid communication between spaced-apart openings in the coating, so that when one opening is immersed in a liquid and a reduced pressure is orally applied to the other opening, the liquid is drawn into the channel and absorbed by the internal structure. Another embodiment employs a porous internal structure, or an internal structure comprising open cells, or interstitial spaces to provide fluid communication between the openings. If the food product is completely sealed by the coating, the coating is removed at two points, e.g., by biting away the coating to expose the interior structure. The interior structure can also comprise a dehydrated material, such as dried meat particles.

Abstract: A subscriber data distribution system comprising first means for translating data received from a transmission line and transmitting the data to a subscriber terminal via a subscriber drop, second means for translating data received from a subscriber terminal and transmitting the data to the transmission line, the first and second means including means for isolating the transmission line from the subscriber terminal, and for regenerating the data transmitted both to and from the subscriber terminal.

Abstract: A synchronization system is provided for a tree-type transmission system comprising a central station connected to a plurality of remote stations in an effectively sequential manner, each station including transmitting and receiving means for digital data in a sequence of frames. Each remote station is instructed regularly by the central station of the time delay between the remote station and the central station. The remote station stores the time delay and arranges to advance information transmitted by the remote station so as to be received by the central station within the proper position in the frame. The time delay is measured by the central station by sensing a pattern of bits repetitively transmitted by the remote station and comparing the received pattern with a stored pattern and counting the number of shifts of the received pattern necessary to match the stored pattern. The delay stored by the remote station is tuned to one quarter of a bit to ensure accurate synchronization.