Abstract: Methods of producing and manufacturing retroviral particles. Such methods may involve the use of an ion-exchange column with an elution buffer comprising one or more salts, wherein the elution buffer has a low total salt concentration (e.g., 400 mM to 800 mM) relative to conventional practice. In some embodiments, the retroviral particles can be generated by host cells transfected with retroviral vectors using polyethylenimine (PEI).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for isolating at least one of a plurality of applications included in an electronic device are provided. The method includes selecting at least one of the plurality of applications included in the electronic device, preprocessing the at least one selected application so as to be at least one modified application included in a sandbox isolating the at least one selected applications from others of the plurality of applications, and installing the at least one modified application on the electronic device so as to be executed only according to the sandbox.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for isolating at least one of a plurality of applications included in an electronic device are provided. The method includes selecting at least one of the plurality of applications included in the electronic device, preprocessing the at least one selected application so as to be at least one modified application included in a sandbox isolating the at least one selected applications from others of the plurality of applications, and installing the at least one modified application on the electronic device so as to be executed only according to the sandbox.

Abstract: A system and method allows multiple remote devices to form ad hoc groups over a network to participate in an activity. Each remote device is represented by a software surrogate, that is usually specific to the activity, device and communication channel. Where the remote device has limited computational power its surrogate can handle much of the computation necessary to participate in the activity. The surrogate can also queue communication to and from a remote device to make up for communication lapses common in wireless networks. The surrogate can also track usage information and persist the state of the activity. One embodiment is for multi-player gaming over cellular data networks using telephones, PDAs or the like. Another embodiment is for communication between emergency first responders.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for isolating at least one of a plurality of applications included in an electronic device are provided. The method includes selecting at least one of the plurality of applications included in the electronic device, preprocessing the at least one selected application so as to be at least one modified application included in a sandbox isolating the at least one selected applications from others of the plurality of applications, and installing the at least one modified application on the electronic device so as to be executed only according to the sandbox.