Abstract: Carbon-bearing solid particles are stored in geologic formations to isolate carbon from the atmosphere, thereby reducing the atmospheric CO2 concentration. The carbon is in a solid compound, such as wood chips, crop waste, plastic, algae, biochar, which is processed into small particles. Solid particles are mixed with fluid to create a slurry and inject it into the subsurface at a shallow depth. This will create a hydraulic fracture that is filled with the solid particles. Carbon in a solid phase is immobile in the fracture, so it can be stored at shallower depths in a wider range of geologic settings, and with less stringent monitoring compared to storing CO2 in deep formations. Some fractures may be steeply dipping, growing upward, reaching the ground, and comprising storage. This issue is addressed by creating multiple, small hydraulic fractures until the stresses change, so that new fractures are about horizontal.

Abstract: A method used for in situ remediation of contaminated subsurface ground and subsurface water using chemically or biologically reactive sheets. The reactive or active sheets contain one or more selected compounds capable of recovering, destroying, degrading and immobilizing contaminants in the soil or water. The compounds that will be selected depends on the contaminants to be treated. The compound may be diatomaceaous earth pellets or other porous materials inoculated with selected non-pathogenic microbes, a zero-valent metal such as iron, tin, aluminum and zinc, a leachable compound such as sodium percarbonate or an adsorptive compound such as activated carbon and zeolite. The contaminants may be petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons and other hazardous chemicals.