Abstract: A four stroke internal combustion includes at least one cylinder and at least one intake valve associated with the cylinder. The intake valve is configured to open and close over a predetermined range of crankshaft rotation in accordance with a Miller thermodynamic cycle. An electronic controller receives at least one input signal indicative of an amount of air and/or an amount of air/fuel mixture in cylinder. The electronic controller is configured to provide a timing phase signal that operates to adjust a timing of operation of the intake valve based on the input signal(s) such that a torque output of the engine is maintained substantially constant over a predetermined range of engine speed by shifting the predetermined range of crankshaft rotation.