Abstract: This device works to discern discrete human problems from discrete human states based upon an assumed set of human parameters. The program assumes that the discrete actions of human beings are explicitly and conclusively the result of a consumption, reproduction, and/or peripheral problem, and/or the acquisition of a positive emotion and/or the avoidance of a negative emotion. After discerning a human problem, the program determines if it can and should assist the human in achieving a solution based upon a hierarchy of control headed by a primary entity named the “Instructor,” and the secondary entities named as delegated users.

Abstract: A fluxless solder for application to metal surfaces which include contaminants such as metal oxides. The fluxless solder includes a reducing agent which reacts with interfering metal oxides to form essentially inert compounds which require no further cleaning. Reducing agents, such as lithium, calcium, strontium and cesium are disclosed for use in lead-tin solders, in amounts ranging from about 0.5 to 10 atom percent. Various methods for forming the fluxless solder are also disclosed.