Abstract: Described herein are neuromodulator (e.g., neuromodulation apparatuses) that include an LED driver integrated circuit (IC) that is adapted to operate as a pulse generator for the neuromodulator.

Abstract: Wearable neuromodulator devices may include a flexible substrate, a first electrode including a first hydrogel, and a second electrode including a second hydrogel. The first electrode may be concentrically arranged around the second electrode. The first and second electrodes may be on the flexible substrate. A control circuitry may be configured to deliver a predefined waveform between the first and second electrodes when a battery is powering the control circuitry and an impedance between the first and second electrodes is within a predefined range. The predefined waveform may have a frequency of between 100 Hz and 15 KHz and deliver a charge per phase of between 0.1-10 microCoulombs. An elastic cover may be attached to the flexible substrate. The battery and the control circuitry may be between the elastic cover and the flexible substrate. The device may weigh 20 g or less.

Abstract: Wearable neuromodulator devices. The devices may include a first electrode and a second electrode on a flexible substrate. A first hydrogel layer may be in electrical communication with the first electrode and a second hydrogel layer may be in electrical communication with the second electrode. A third hydrogel layer may be in electrical communication with the first hydrogel layer. The first hydrogel layer may be separated from the third hydrogel layer by a removable release layer. A circuit interrupt may be removably coupled with control circuitry. The circuit interrupt may be interposed between a battery and the control circuitry so that removing the circuit interrupt powers the control circuitry. The control circuitry may be configured to deliver a first predefined waveform between the first and second electrodes after the circuit interrupt is removed, and a second predefined waveform between the first and second electrodes after the release layer is removed.

Abstract: Transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators that are wearable and configured to attached to a subject's pinna (ear) and adapted to apply TES to modulate the subject's cognitive and/or physiological state. These apparatuses may be configured so that they can be worn against the ear (e.g., the cymba of the ear) to deliver TES. Also described herein are methods of using them to modulate a subject's cognitive state. These TES applicators may also be adapted to function as audio headphones for concurrent delivery of TES and audible signals (e.g., music).

Abstract: Transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators that are wearable and configured to attached to a subject's pinna (ear) and adapted to apply TES to modulate the subject's cognitive and/or physiological state. These apparatuses may be configured so that they can be worn against the ear (e.g., the cymba of the ear) to deliver TES. Also described herein are methods of using them to modulate a subject's cognitive state. These TES applicators may also be adapted to function as audio headphones for concurrent delivery of TES and audible signals (e.g., music).

Abstract: Limited-number-of-use neuromodulator apparatuses that may be comfortably worn on the skin of a user to non-invasively apply transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). The apparatuses described herein may be include a flexible/bendable substrate and an elastomeric cover (e.g., formed of an elastomeric fabric). These apparatuses may be simplified, to run autonomously. These apparatuses may also include improved power management features.

Abstract: Limited-number-of-use neuromodulator apparatuses that may be comfortably worn on the skin of a user to non-invasively apply transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). The apparatuses described herein may be include a flexible/bendable substrate and an elastomeric cover (e.g., formed of an elastomeric fabric). These apparatuses may be simplified, to run autonomously. These apparatuses may also include improved power management features.

Abstract: Transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators that are wearable and configured to attached to a subject's pinna (ear) and adapted to apply TES to modulate the subject's cognitive and/or physiological state. These apparatuses may be configured so that they can be worn against the ear (e.g., the cymba of the ear) to deliver TES. Also described herein are methods of using them to modulate a subject's cognitive state. These TES applicators may also be adapted to function as audio headphones for concurrent delivery of TES and audible signals (e.g., music).

Abstract: Transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators that are wearable and configured to attached to a subject's pinna (ear) and adapted to apply TES to modulate the subject's cognitive and/or physiological state. These apparatuses may be configured so that they can be worn against the ear (e.g., the cymba of the ear) to deliver TES. Also described herein are methods of using them to modulate a subject's cognitive state. These TES applicators may also be adapted to function as audio headphones for concurrent delivery of TES and audible signals (e.g., music).

Abstract: Described herein are neuromodulator (e.g., neuromodulation apparatuses) that include an LED driver integrated circuit (IC) that is adapted to operate as a pulse generator for the neuromodulator.

Abstract: Limited-number-of-use neuromodulator apparatuses that may be comfortably worn on the skin of a user to non-invasively apply transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). The apparatuses described herein may be include a flexible/bendable substrate and an elastomeric cover (e.g., formed of an elastomeric fabric). These apparatuses may be simplified, to run autonomously. These apparatuses may also include improved power management features.

Abstract: Limited-number-of-use neuromodulator apparatuses that may be comfortably worn on the skin of a user to non-invasively apply transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). The apparatuses described herein may be include a flexible/bendable substrate and an elastomeric cover (e.g., formed of an elastomeric fabric). These apparatuses may be simplified, to run autonomously. These apparatuses may also include improved power management features.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for transdermal electrical stimulation. Described herein are single-use or limited-use TES apparatuses and methods of using them that include an integrated (e.g., flex-circuit) electrode assembly and controller apparatus including a waveform generator and power supply. Also described herein are TES apparatuses including a cord or wire having current control circuitry and configured to connect a mobile computing device (e.g., smartphone or wearable electronics) to an electrode assembly. Finally, also described herein are intermediate apparatuses including a flex-circuit electrode assembly including a waveform generator but receiving power from a cable connected to a mobile computing device.

Abstract: Apparatuses (e.g., devices, systems), and methods for transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). Apparatuses described herein can be self-contained, lightweight, and wearable. The apparatuses and methods described herein be configured to apply an ensemble current waveform between the two or more electrodes, wherein the ensemble current waveform comprises a series of component waveforms that are sequentially applied, and wherein each component waveform is different from a component waveform immediately before it and wherein transitions between the component waveforms temporally correlates with transitions in the sensory experience. Also described are neurostimulators for application of transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) and methods of using them for comfortably inducing a cognitive effect. Also described are Methods and apparatuses for amplitude modulation of all or a portion of an ensemble waveform to modify a user's cognitive state by transdermal electrical stimulation (TES).

Abstract: Described herein are methods and apparatuses for the application of transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). The apparatuses described herein include neck-worn devices having electrodes (or configured to connect to electrodes, including automatically self-connecting to electrodes) adapted to couple to the midline of the back of user's neck. A neck-worn controller may be configured as a cord, band, wire, torc, necklace, loop, strap, or the like, and may be rigid or semi-rigid and may be worn at least partially around the subject's neck. The controller may controllably apply one or more waveforms to the electrodes of the electrode pad (e.g., patch) to deliver TES adapted to treat a disorder (e.g., psoriasis) and/or to induce or enhance a relaxed cognitive state.

Abstract: Transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators that are wearable and configured to attached to a subject's pinna (ear) and adapted to apply TES to modulate the subject's cognitive and/or physiological state. These apparatuses may be configured so that they can be worn against the ear (e.g., the cymba of the ear) to deliver TES. Also described herein are methods of using them to modulate a subject's cognitive state. These TES applicators may also be adapted to function as audio headphones for concurrent delivery of TES and audible signals (e.g., music).

Abstract: Limited-number-of-use neuromodulator apparatuses that may be comfortably worn on the skin of a user to non-invasively apply transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). The apparatuses described herein may be include a flexible/bendable substrate and an elastomeric cover (e.g., formed of an elastomeric fabric). These apparatuses may be simplified, to run autonomously. These apparatuses may also include improved power management features.

Abstract: Transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators that are wearable and configured to attached to a subject's pinna (ear) and adapted to apply TES to modulate the subject's cognitive and/or physiological state. These apparatuses may be configured so that they can be worn against the ear (e.g., the cymba of the ear) to deliver TES. Also described herein are methods of using them to modulate a subject's cognitive state. These TES applicators may also be adapted to function as audio headphones for concurrent delivery of TES and audible signals (e.g., music).

Abstract: Described herein are methods and apparatuses for the application of transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). The apparatuses described herein include neck-worn devices having electrodes (or configured to connect to electrodes, including automatically self-connecting to electrodes) adapted to couple to the midline of the back of user's neck. A neck-worn controller may be configured as a cord, band, wire, torc, necklace, loop, strap, or the like, and may be rigid or semi-rigid and may be worn at least partially around the subject's neck. The controller may controllably apply one or more waveforms to the electrodes of the electrode pad (e.g., patch) to deliver TES adapted to treat a disorder (e.g., psoriasis) and/or to induce or enhance a relaxed cognitive state.

Abstract: Described herein are methods and apparatuses for the application of transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) in order to modulate a user's cognitive state to induce a state of calm or relaxation. The apparatuses described herein include neck-worn devices having electrodes (or configured to connect to electrodes, including automatically self-connecting to electrodes) adapted to couple to the midline of the back of user's neck. A neck-worn controller may be configured as a cord, band, wire, torc, necklace, loop, strap, or the like, and may be rigid or semi-rigid and may be worn at least partially around the subject's neck. The controller may controllably apply one or more waveforms to the electrodes of the electrode pad (e.g., patch) to deliver TES adapted to induce or enhance a relaxed cognitive state.