Abstract: Provided herein are protective masks made with polymer-based materials and methods of forming the materials. Methods of forming the interlaced polymer-based materials comprise applying adhesive to a substrate, electrospinning a first polymer solution onto the substrate from a first group of spinning electrodes, electrospinning a second polymer solution onto the substrate from a second group of spinning electrodes, and applying hot air to dry the polymer-based materials electrospun from the first polymer solution and the second polymer solution to form the interlaced polymer-based materials.

Abstract: The present invention provides an antibacterial and antiviral fabric includes a fabric substrate and an antimicrobial coating. The antimicrobial coating formed on the fabric substrate having an antimicrobial agent embedded or surface-adherent in a three dimensional porous network of nano-binder particles. The three dimensional porous network is formed by connecting the nano-binder particles to each other via van der Waals force or coulombic force. The antibacterial and antiviral fabric has an antimicrobial effect of at least 99% while maintaining physical properties comparable to an uncoated fabric. The present invention also provides an antibacterial and antiviral formulation and a method of preparing antibacterial and antiviral nanoparticles.

Abstract: The present invention provides a multi-layered interlaced membrane comprising at least one substrate layer including a plurality of first polymer-based microfibers; at least one nanofibrous layer including a plurality of second polymer-based nanofibers where each of the nanofibers has one or more nano-branches; at least one interlaced layer including a plurality of third polymer-based submicron fibers where each of the submicron fibers has one or more nano-branches and a plurality of fourth polymer-based nanofibers where each of the nanofibers has one or more nano-branches, wherein the third polymer-based submicron fibers are interlaced with the fourth polymer-based nanofibers; at least one submicron fibrous layer including a plurality of fifth polymer-based submicron fibers where each of the submicron fibers has one or more nano-branches.

Abstract: Conformance with established standards and interoperability between products in an integrated services digital network (ISDN) system defined by a layered hierarchy of interrelated protocols is ascertained by remotely testing the protocols between a tester in a local testing centre and a system under test located at a geographically removed site. The protocols tested relate to the first three layers of the system which are concerned mainly with the establishment, holding and release of a telecommunications path. Cost effectiveness in product testing is achieved by accessing both the tester and the system under test and communicating test procedures between the local and remote sites over a packet switching network to support testing at the remote site. Communications over a virtual circuit in the network are established between a pair of remote ISDN test access interfaces, one located at each site.