Abstract: Different dynamic range control values are applied to the 2-channel and m-channel outputs without repeating the inverse transform or the windowing of the audio samples. First, m-channel dynamic range control values are applied to audio samples in the frequency domain (“frequency samples” or “frequency coefficients”). The frequency samples are then inverse transformed to generate audio samples in the time domain (“time samples”) and windowed to generate windowed time samples. The windowed time samples are saved and the 2-channel dynamic range control values are applied to the windowed time samples. 2-channel dynamic range control values include 2-channel scale factors that, when multiplied with groups of the windowed time samples, at least partially remove the effects of windowing and the m-ch dynamic range control values applied in the frequency domain and readjust the dynamic range for 2-channel output.

Abstract: Different dynamic range control values are applied to the 2-channel and m-channel outputs without repeating the inverse transform of the audio samples. First, m-channel dynamic range control values are applied to audio samples in the frequency domain (“frequency samples” or “frequency coefficients”). The frequency samples are then inverse transformed to generate audio samples in the time domain (“time samples”). The time samples are duplicated to two sets where the 2-channel dynamic range control values are applied to one set of time samples. 2-channel dynamic range control values include 2-channel final scales that, when multiplied with the first set of time samples, at least partially remove the effects of the m-channel dynamic range control and readjust the dynamic range for 2-channel output. The first set and the second set are then windowed.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved memory storage system which allows interleaving between two separate memory banks. In this way, data can be retrieved simultaneously from the two memory banks and placed on the data bus alternately. While the data from one data bank is on the data bus, data is being retrieved from the other data bank. In general, a data bank requires a number of wait states in order to retrieve data, during which no data is transferred onto the data bus from that particular data bank. However, by interleaving the data between two separate memory banks, data retrieved from the first memory bank can be placed on the data bus while the second memory bank is undergoing several wait states retrieving the next group of data. In this way, data is continuously placed on the data bus and the number of wait states during which no data is present on the data bus are decreased, preferably to zero.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved memory storage system which allows selective ranges of memory locations, which can also be referred to as virtual memory banks, to be enabled and disabled. The ranges of memory locations can be disabled to avoid refreshing unused memory location and to eliminate faulty memory locations. Also, the ranges of memory locations can be treated as blocks or banks of memory regardless of the physical chips used to store the data. In other words, if a memory bank has a capacity of 16 MB, the range of memory locations may be a portion of the total capacity of this memory bank, for example 8 MB or 4 MB, and the remainder of the memory bank can be unaffected or be the subject of another range of memory locations. In a preferred embodiment, the ranges of memory locations is at least 2 MB in size.