Abstract: A method of producing X-ray resist with etching patterns, using known supports which are coated with a film comprised of copolymers of methacrylonitrile and methacrylic acid is disclosed. This method uses the following protocol.(a) A copolymer of methacrylonitrile and methacrylic acid with molecular weight <700,000 is used for coating the support.(b) Before X-ray irradiation, the film is thermally treated at temperatures below 150.degree. C. until a solvent-free, uncrosslinked film is obtained.(c) After the X-ray irradiation, the film is tempered for 15-30 min at temperatures in the range 140.degree.-170.degree. C.(d) And subsequently the film is developed with a solvent system L comprised of water and/or an organic solvent which contains oxygen in the form of a hydroxyl group and/or an ether group and/or an ester group.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a continuous one-step method for the preparation of isobutyric acid or a lower alkyl ester thereof by the Koch synthesis, which method comprises reacting propylene, carbon monoxide, and water or a lower alcohol, in the gaseous and liquid phases, in the presence of hydrogen fluoride as a Koch catalyst, at a temperature between 80.degree. C. and 160.degree. C., at a dwell time of the liquid phase of less than 20 minutes, and with a high degree of backmixing, while maintaining the content of propylene in the reaction mixture at less than one percent by weight of the liquid phase, wherein all or part of the propylene, carbon monoxide, and water or lower alcohol can be replaced by binary addition compounds formed pairwise between these materials. In the alternative, isopropylformiate can be continuously rearranged in the presence of hydrogen fluoride to produce isobutyric acid.

Abstract: Flame retarded polyacrylimide or polymethacrylimide resin foams containing at least 70 percent by weight of cyclic acrylimide or methacrylimide units and incorporating at least 1 percent by weight of phosphorus, present at least partially in the form of a phosphorus compound, XCH.sub.2 --PO(OR).sub.2, wherein R is methyl, ethyl, or chloromethyl, and X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, or RO--CO--.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a continuous one-step method for the preparation of isobutyric acid or a lower alkyl ester thereof by the Koch synthesis, which method comprises reacting propylene, carbon monoxide, and water or a lower alcohol, in the gaseous and liquid phases, in the presence of hydrogen fluoride as a Koch catalyst, at a temperature between 80.degree. C. and 160.degree. C., at a dwell time of the liquid phase of less than 20 minutes, and with a high degree of backmixing, while maintaining the content of propylene in the reaction mixture at less than one percent by weight of the liquid phase, wherein all or part of the propylene, carbon monoxide, and water or lower alcohol can be replaced by binary addition compounds formed pairwise between these materials. In the alternative, isopropylformiate can be continuously rearranged in the presence of hydrogen fluoride to produce isobutyric acid.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a method for making amides of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl,R.sub.3 is straight-chain or branched alkyl or unsubstituted or substituted aryl, andR.sub.4 is hydrogen or straight-chain or branched unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, which comprises reacting an ester of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sub.2 is alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, with heating and under autogenous pressure, in a homogeneous phase, with an amine of the formula ##STR3## said amine being present in an amount which is stoichiometrically deficient up to an amount which is in small stoichiometric excess with respect to said ester.

Abstract: In the method of making a compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is carboxyl, a carboxylic acid ester group --COOR.sub.2, or cyano, by reaction of a compound of the formula CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 X with methylal in the presence of a catalyst, the improvement wherein said catalyst is a catalyst system which consists essentially of (1) silicon dioxide dosed with a basic component and (2) a member selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide.

Abstract: A method for making a carbonic acid ester of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is --CH.sub.3, --C.sub.2 H.sub.5, or --C.sub.3 H.sub.7, which comprises reacting the corresponding alcohol, ROH, with carbon monoxide and oxygen, under pressure and at elevated temperature, in the presence of a copper-containing catalyst, said catalyst being a complex formed between copper-I-chloride and vanadium trichloride, chromium trichloride, iron trichloride, cobalt-II-chloride, aluminum trichloride, or silicon tetrachloride.

Abstract: An improved method for making glycol monoesters and diesters of carboxylic acid by the reaction of an olefin and oxygen in the presence of a carboxylic acid and a catalyst, wherein said catalyst includes a compound of a metal of groups IVB - VIIB having an atomic number between 40 and 42 inclusive or between 72 and 75 inclusive, i.e. zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, or rhenium.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic oxycarbonylation of ethylene and propylene by reaction with carbon monoxide and oxygen in a methanolic or ethanolic reaction medium employing a catalyst which contains a compound of vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel or copper and chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.

Abstract: A method for preparing carbonic acid esters, ##EQU1## by reacting an alcohol, ROH, with carbon monoxide and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst comprising a copper salt, chloride or bromide, and an organic phosphorus compound such as a phosphine oxide, phosphite, phosphate, or phosphonate.