Abstract: A force sensor has a measuring diaphragm adapted to undergo a deflection in response to a force being applied thereto. The force sensor further has a test deflection device operatively coupled to the measuring diaphragm for effecting a test deflection thereof independently of any force external to the force sensor being applied to the measuring diaphragm.

Abstract: A damper element is proposed which serves to damp a pulsating fluid flow, in particular to smooth out and reduce pressure fluctuations arising in fuel supply systems for internal combustion engines in motor vehicles. The damper element includes a base and a cap, which are welded to one another and a damper diaphragm is clamped between these elements. The damper diaphragm, in order to prevent diffusion of the fluid into a damper chamber of the cap, is embodied either as a polyimide diaphragm or as a combination of a fabric diaphragm and a polyimide diaphragm. The clamping area of the cap is embodied as inclined slightly toward the damper diaphragm by an angle .alpha., so that a long-term fastening and sealing of the damper diaphragm is assured.